Table 7.

Overview of the anti-pathogenic functionalities of POS.

POS Characteristics + Source	[POS]	Strains Used	Observed Effects	References
Mw 1–4 kDa Citrus (high methylation) Apple (low methylation)	10 mg/mL	Gram-negative:Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin	Inhibition of host cell infiltration of Stx	[185]
Mw 1–12 kDa Panax ginseng	0.01–0.5 mg/mL	Gram-negative: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus	Anti-adhesive effect	[189]
DP 2–3 Orange peel	2.5 mg/mL	Gram-negative: EPEC, VTEC, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans	Anti-adhesive effect	[186]
GalA:Rhamnose 1:1 Albedo of orange peel	0.05–2.5 mg/mL	Gram-negative: Campylobacter jejuni	Inhibited Caco-2 cell invasion	[177]
0.2–6 kDa 93.6% Uronic acid Haw	1–10 mg/mL	Gram-negative: Escherichia coli	Antimicrobial activity dependent on concentration and low pH	[178]
DP 6–19 Orange peel	1–100 mg/mL	Gram-negative:Escherichia coli Gram-positive:Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis	Antimicrobial activity-low Mw more effective	[176]
Apple, citrus, polygalacturonic acid	0.1 mg/mL	Gram-negative: Escherichia coli Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus	Growth inhibition, potentially through CO2 radical production	[184]
Mw 9–73 kDa Orange peel	0.005–5 mg/mL	Gram-negative: Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli	Anti-adhesive effect, direct interaction with Stx	[188]