Table 1.
Univariate Analysis of Predictors of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization at Admission to the Jail at the First Enrollment Visit in the Total Study Population and by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status
| Total Study Population | Individuals Living With HIV | Individuals Not Living With HIV | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epidemiologic Factor | MRSA (n = 137) | No MRSA (n = 581) | OR | 95% CI | P Value | MRSA (n = 80) | No MRSA (n = 306) | OR | 95% CI | P Value | MRSA (n = 57) | No MRSA (n = 275) | OR | 95% CI | P Value |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| African-American | 113 (82.5) | 475 (81.8) | 0.9 | .5, 1.7 | .70 | 63 (78.8) | 243 (79.4) | 1.0 | .5, 2.1 | .97 | 50 (87.7) | 232 (84.4) | 0.8 | .2, 2.4 | .63 |
| Hispanic | 10 (7.3) | 54 (9.3) | 0.7 | .3, 1.7 | .41 | 7 (8.8) | 25 (8.2) | 1.1 | .4, 3.2 | .91 | 3 (5.3) | 29 (10.5) | 0.4 | .1, 1.8 | .22 |
| White/Other | 14 (10.2) | 52 (9.0) | 10 (12.5) | 38 (12.4) | 4 (7.0) | 14 (5.1) | |||||||||
| Methamphetamine use | 28 (20.4) | 69 (11.9) | 1.9 | 1.2, 3.1 | <.01 | 22 (27.5) | 58 (19.0) | 1.6 | .9, 2.9 | .09 | 6 (10.5) | 11 (4.0) | 2.8 | 1.0, 8.0 | .09 |
| Ecstasy or psychedelic use | 55 (40.1) | 212 (36.5) | 1.2 | .8, 1.7 | .43 | 27 (33.8) | 94 (30.7) | 1.1 | .7, 1.9 | .60 | 28 (49.1) | 118 (42.9) | 1.3 | .7, 2.3 | .39 |
| Illicit inhalant use | 7 (5.1) | 41 (7.1) | 0.7 | .3, 1.6 | .41 | 5 (6.3) | 30 (9.8) | 0.6 | .2, 1.6 | .32 | 2 (3.5) | 11 (4.0) | 0.9 | .2, 4.0 | 1.00 |
| Marijuana use | 121 (88.3) | 517 (89.0) | 0.9 | .5, 1.7 | .82 | 68 (85.0) | 258 (84.3) | 1.1 | .5, 2.1 | .88 | 53 (93.0) | 259 (94.2) | 0.8 | .3, 2.5 | .76 |
| Cocaine use | 70 (51.1) | 275 (47.3) | 1.2 | .8, 1.7 | .43 | 51 (63.8) | 177 (57.8) | 1.3 | .8, 2.1 | .34 | 19 (33.3) | 98 (35.6) | 0.9 | .5, 1.7 | .74 |
| Heroin use | 37 (27.0) | 144 (24.8) | 1.1 | .7, 1.7 | .59 | 28 (35.0) | 92 (30.1) | 1.3 | .7, 2.1 | .40 | 9 (15.8) | 52 (18.9) | 0.8 | .4, 1.7 | .58 |
| Other narcotics (eg, codeine, oxycontin) | 27 (19.7) | 126 (21.7) | 0.9 | .6, 1.4 | .61 | 8 (10.0) | 55 (18.0) | 0.5 | .2, 1.1 | .09 | 19 (33.3) | 71 (25.8) | 1.4 | .8, 2.7 | .25 |
| Illicit benzodiazepine use | 33 (24.1) | 137 (23.6) | 1.0 | .7, 1.6 | .90 | 13 (16.3) | 59 (19.3) | 0.8 | .4, 1.6 | .54 | 20 (35.1) | 78 (28.4) | 1.4 | .7, 2.5 | .31 |
| Taking prescription drugs to get high | 14 (10.2) | 68 (11.7) | 0.9 | .5, 1.6 | .62 | 7 (8.8) | 39 (12.7) | 0.7 | .3, 1.5 | .33 | 7 (12.3) | 29 (10.5) | 1.2 | .5, 2.9 | .7 |
| Injection drug use in the past year | 16 (11.7) | 33 (5.7) | 2.2 | 1.2, 4.1 | .01 | 14 (17.5) | 31 (10.1) | 1.9 | .9, 3.7 | .07 | 2 (3.5) | 2 (0.7) | 5 | .7, 36.0 | .14 |
| Men who have sex with men | 41 (29.9) | 130 (22.4) | 1.5 | 1.0, 2.2 | .06 | 39 (48.8) | 126 (41.2) | 1.4 | .8, 2.2 | .22 | 2 (3.5) | 4 (1.5) | 2.5 | .4, 13.8 | .27 |
| Previous incarceration in jail | 129 (94.2) | 525 (90.4) | 1.7 | .8, 3.7 | .16 | 73 (91.3) | 273 (89.2) | 1.3 | .5, 3.0 | .60 | 56 (98.2) | 252 (91.6) | 5.1 | .7, 38.6 | .09 |
| Release from jail in the prior 3 months | 21 (15.3) | 66 (11.4) | 1.4 | .8, 2.4 | .20 | 13 (16.3) | 26 (8.5) | 2.1 | 1.0, 4.3 | .04 | 8 (14.0) | 40 (14.5) | 1 | .4, 2.2 | .92 |
| Release from jail in the prior 6 months | 32 (23.4) | 121 (20.8) | 1.2 | .7, 1.8 | .52 | 17 (21.3) | 48 (15.7) | 1.5 | .8, 2.7 | .24 | 15 (26.3) | 73 (26.5) | 1 | .5, 1.9 | .97 |
| Previous incarceration in prison | 84 (61.3) | 354 (60.9) | 1.0 | .7, 1.5 | .93 | 44 (55.0) | 183 (59.8) | 0.8 | .5, 1.3 | .44 | 40 (70.2) | 171 (62.2) | 1.4 | .8, 2.7 | .25 |
| Release from prison in the prior 3 months | 4 (2.9) | 7 (1.2) | 2.5 | .7, 8.5 | .24 | 3 (3.8) | 5 (1.6) | 2.3 | .5, 10.0 | .37 | 1 (1.8) | 2 (0.7) | 2.4 | .2, 27.3 | .43 |
| Release from prison in the prior 6 months | 8 (5.8) | 42 (7.2) | 0.8 | .4, 1.7 | .57 | 5 (6.3) | 24 (7.8) | 0.8 | .3, 2.1 | .63 | 3 (5.3) | 18 (6.5) | 0.8 | .2, 2.8 | 1.00 |
| Homeless or unstable housing in the past year | 74 (54.0) | 254 (43.7) | 1.5 | 1.0, 2.2 | .03 | 47 (58.8) | 158 (51.6) | 1.3 | .8, 2.2 | .26 | 27 (47.4) | 96 (34.9) | 1.7 | .9, 3.0 | .08 |
| Current skin infection | 11 (8.0) | 22 (3.8) | 2.2 | 1.0, 4.7 | .03 | 10 (12.5) | 16 (5.2) | 2.6 | 1.1, 6.0 | .02 | 1 (1.8) | 6 (2.2) | 0.8 | .1, 6.8 | 1.00 |
| Emergency room visit in the past year | 73 (53.3) | 284 (48.9) | 1.2 | .8, 1.7 | .35 | 46 (57.5) | 163 (53.3) | 1.2 | .7, 2.0 | .50 | 27 (47.4) | 121 (44.0) | 1.1 | .6, 2.0 | .64 |
| Skin or MRSA infection in the past year | 14 (10.2) | 16 (2.8) | 4.0 | 1.9, 8.5 | <.01 | 8 (10.0) | 14 (4.6) | 2.3 | .9, 5.7 | .10 | 6 (10.5) | 2 (0.7) | 16.1 | 3.2, 81.8 | <.01 |
| Hospitalized in the past year | 39 (28.5) | 165 (28.4) | 1.0 | .7, 1.5 | .99 | 25 (31.3) | 103 (33.7) | 0.9 | .5, 1.5 | .68 | 14 (24.6) | 62 (22.5) | 1.1 | .6, 2.2 | .74 |
| Living with HIV | 80 (58.4) | 306 (52.7) | 1.3 | .9, 1.8 | .23 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| No HIV care in the past year | … | … | … | … | … | 9 (11.3) | 31 (10.1) | 1.1 | .5, 2.5 | .77 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Care at clinic A | … | … | … | … | … | 14 (17.5) | 17 (5.6) | 3.6 | 1.7, 7.7 | <.01 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Care at clinic B | … | … | … | … | … | 1 (1.3) | 27 (8.8) | 0.1 | .0, 1.0 | .02 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Care at clinic C | … | … | … | … | … | 30 (37.5) | 125 (40.8) | 0.9 | .5, 1.4 | .59 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Care at clinic D | … | … | … | … | … | 2 (2.5) | 9 (2.9) | 0.8 | .2, 4.0 | .1 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Taking antiretrovirals | … | … | … | … | … | 50 (62.5) | 215 (70.5) | 0.7 | .4, 1.2 | .17 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Taking trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole | … | … | … | … | … | 9 (11.3) | 30 (9.8) | 1.2 | .5, 2.6 | .70 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Taking other antibiotics in the prior 2 weeks | … | … | … | … | … | 12 (15.0) | 41 (13.4) | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.3 | .71 | … | … | … | … | … |
Values represent no (%). As individuals could be enrolled more than once in the study, results in this table represent epidemiologic factors from an individual’s first enrollment.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.