Table 2.
Insulin sensitivity, lipids, inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers, and AGEs measured at the end of each dietary period in all participants (n = 49).
| Metabolic Parameters | HMD | HWD | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.27, 0.76 | 5.3, 0.55 | 0.9 |
| Fasting insulin (µMmol/mL) | 2.15, 1.97 | 2.17, 1.15 | 0.07 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.52, 0.67 | 0.37, 0.43 | 0.28 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.92, 0.74 | 0.77, 0.65 | 0.033 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.43 | 1.37 ± 0.42 | 0.4 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.96 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 0.038 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.79, 2.93 | 0.58, 2.24 | 0.79 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 7.9, 11.2 | 7.7, 11 | 0.5 |
| PAI-1 (ng/ml) | 159, 83 | 121, 51 | <0.001 |
| CML (nmol/mL) 1 | 4.05 ± 1.44 | 3.85 ± 1.41 | 0.3 |
| CEL (nmol/mL) 2 | 1.367, 0.78 | 1.096, 0.65 | 0.01 |
| MG-H1 (nmol/mL) | 6.47 ± 3.46 | 6.83 ± 2.83 | 0.25 |
p values for total cholesterol and HDL-C, CML and MG-H1 were determined by paired t-tests. p values for fasting glucose and TG and CEL were determined by paired t-test after log transformation. p values for fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, PAI-1, IL-6 and CEL were obtained by Wilcoxon signed-rank nonparametric test. Values (n = 49) are expressed as medians and interquartile ranges except for HDL-C, total cholesterol, CML and MG-H1, which are presented as means ± SDs. CEL, carboxy ethyl lysine; CML, carboxymethyllysine; HMD, a diet high in red and processed meat and refined grains; HWD, a diet high in whole grain, nuts, dairy and legumes; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; MG-H1, methylglyoxal–hydroimidazalone; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1; TG, triglyceride; 1 n = 46; 2 n= 48.