Table 2.
Self-reported diagnoses in group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2).
| Self-Reported Diagnosis | Group 1 (n = 102) |
Group 2 (n = 1101) |
p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat allergy, n (%) | 4 (3.9) | 0 (0) | - |
| Dermatitis herpetiformis, n (%) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | - |
| Celiac disease, n (%) | 4 (3.9) | 0 (0) | - |
| Non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity, n (%) | 6 (5.9) | 0 (0) | - |
| Irritable bowel syndrome, n (%) | 42 (41.1) | 189 (17.1) | 0.0001 |
| Lactose intolerance, n (%) | 33 (32.3) | 170 (15.4) | 0.0001 |
| Chronic diarrhea, n (%) | 13 (12.7) | 37 (3.3) | 0.0001 |
| Gastrointestinal cancer, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.2) | 0.990 |
| Allergy, n (%) | 16 (15.6) | 80 (7.2) | 0.003 |
| Autoimmune diseases †, n (%) | 10 (9.8) | 49 (4.4) | 0.017 |
| Eating disorder ††, n (%) | 11 (10.7) | 38 (3.4) | 0.0001 |
| Mood disorder †††, n (%) | 26 (25.4) | 102 (9.2) | 0.0001 |
Data are shown as frequency (percentage). * p-value obtained by comparison of groups using independent t-test. Group 1 included participants reporting symptoms after eating gluten-containing foods; group 2 included participants reporting no discomfort after gluten consumption. † Includes thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus 1 and psoriasis; †† Includes bulimia and anorexia; †††: Includes depression, anxiety and panic attacks.