Table 3.
Participant characteristics (n = 438).
| Variable | M ± SD or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 33.3 ± 4.1 |
| ≤29 | 69 (15.8%) |
| 30–34 | 195 (44.5%) |
| ≥35 | 174 (39.7%) |
| Spousal age (years) | 35.7 ± 10.8 |
| ≤29 | 52 (11.9%) |
| 30–40 | 361 (82.4%) |
| 41–50 | 25 (5.7%) |
| Educational level | |
| Senior high school or lower | 54 (12.3%) |
| University or higher | 384 (87.7%) |
| Family socio-economic status | |
| Low | 77 (17.6%) |
| Middle | 187 (42.7%) |
| High | 174 (39.7%) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | |
| Underweight | 70 (16.0%) |
| Normal | 302 (68.9%) |
| Overweight | 49 (11.2%) |
| Obesity | 17 (3.9%) |
| Parity | |
| Primipara | 247 (56.4%) |
| Multipara | 191 (43.6%) |
| Delivery method | |
| Vaginal delivery | 301 (68.7%) |
| Cesarean delivery | 137 (31.3%) |
| Gestational age at birth | |
| 32–36 weeks | 23 (5.3%) |
| ≥37 weeks | 415 (94.7%) |
| Breastfeeding status at 1 month postpartum | |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 196 (44.7%) |
| Partial breastfeeding | 190 (43.4%) |
| Formula feeding | 52 (11.9%) |
| Maternal depressive symptoms at 1 month postpartum | |
| No | 316 (72.1%) |
| Yes | 122 (27.9%) |
| Infant gender | |
| Male | 236 (53.9%) |
| Female | 202 (46.1%) |
| Infant weight-for-length at birth | |
| Underweight | 22 (5.0%) |
| Normal | 415 (94.7%) |
| Overweight | 1 (0.2%) |
| Infant weight-for-length at 3 months | |
| Underweight | 14 (3.2%) |
| Normal | 395 (90.2%) |
| Overweight | 29 (6.6%) |
| Infant at-birth to 3 months WLZ scores | |
| No change | 372 (84.9%) |
| Increase but in normal range | 22 (5.0%) |
| Increase to overweight | 29 (6.6%) |
| Decrease to underweight | 15 (3.4%) |