Figure 3.

Overview of the novel available tools and readouts applicable to study the links between nutrition, infectious diseases, and microbiota in a human-relevant setting that accounts for multiple levels of complexity, from the molecular to the population level. MPS, microphysiological systems; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; IF, immunofluorescence; HCA, high-content analysis; MS, mass spectrometry; GEP, gene expression profiling; Ic and Ec, intracellular and extracellular; GEDs, gene expression dysregulations; MC, mass cytometry; MSI, high-resolution mass spectrometry imaging; SCM, Single-Cell Metabolomics; TGST, third-generation sequencing technologies; hiOs, human intestinal organoids; hGoCs, human gut-on-a-chip.