Table 1.

Synoptic list of some other typical Mediterranean diet (MD) foods not described in the text with their respective nutrigenomic effects.

MD Food	Peculiar Contained Molecule(s)	Nutrigenomics Effect	Ref.	Notes
Whole meal bread	[Whole food]	Increase of genome-wide DNA methylation.	[90]	In vivo study (Leukocytes) in Caucasian women (Southern Italy) aged 12–87 years).
Rice	[Whole food]	Increase of genome-wide DNA methylation.	[90]	In vivo study (Leukocytes) in Caucasian women (Southern Italy) aged 12–87 years).
Tomato sauce	Lycopene	(a)Free radical-quenching ability. (b)Stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.	[91]	In vitro study (Wistar rats testis cells).
Parmigiano Reggiano or Grana Padano	β-casomorphin7	Increasing of epigenetic-mediated expression of glutathione S transferase detoxifying enzyme.	[92]
Pizza	[Whole food]	Increasing of genome-wide DNA methylation.	[90]	In vivo study (Leukocytes) in Caucasian women (Southern Italy) aged 12–87 years).
Peeled raw tomatoes	Lycopene	Anticancer activity related with p53, NF-κB, SIRT1 and with gut microbiome.	[93]	Both male and female animal model studies.
Mushrooms	o-orsellinaldehyde	Indirect inhibition of NF-κb, via IKK-2.	[94]	Present in Grifola frondosa Mushrooms.
Asparagus	Asparanin A	Induction of apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.	[95]	Assessed in endometrial cells in vitro and in vivo.
Typical salad: i.Lettuce ii.Onions	Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone)	(a)Induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation; (b)attenuation of the phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signal proteins; (c)modulation of CCND1 gene-targeting miRNAs.	[96]	(a), (b) Assessed in VK2/E6E7 and End1/E6E7 human endometriosis cells; (c) Assessed in a mouse model.
iii.Table Olives	Oleuropein; Hydroxytyrosol; Tyrosol.	(a)Anticancer properties; (b)reduction in cyclooxygenase-2 expression.	[97]	Reported in glioblastoma cells.
iv.Capers	Kaempferol	Inhibition of the proliferation of several cancer cell lines via the down-regulation of proteins involved in cancer progression, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle arrest.	[98]	In vitro studies.
v.Fennel	[Whole food]	Significant inhibition of MCF-7 cancer cell proliferation.	[99]	In vitro study with an ethanol extract.
vi.Cherry tomatoes	Carotenoids: lutein, lycopene, and β-carotene	Inhibition of the proliferation of some cancer cell lines at non-toxic concentrations.	[100]	In vitro study on MCF-7, NCI-H460, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines.
vii.Basil	Methyl cinnamate in essential oil	Cytotoxicity in HeLa, HEp-2, NIH, and 3T3 cell lines.	[101]