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. 2020 Apr 2;11(2):22. doi: 10.3390/jfb11020022

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Characterization of plant sap-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). (a) dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of particle size frequency distribution for DM-EVs, PD-EVs, TO-EVs, and CO-EVs. Insets: Intensity size distribution curves. (b) Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) measurements of concentration and size distribution for DM-EVs, PD-EVs, TO-EVs, and CO-EVs. (c) TEM images of DM-EVs, PD-EVs, TO-EVs, and CO-EVs. DM, Dendropanax morbifera; PD, Pinus densiflora; TO, Thuja occidentalis; CO, Chamaecyparis obtusa. Scale bar: 200 nm. (d) Plant sap-derived EVs measured by Z-average and polydispersity index (PDI).