Table 1.
Fatty acid composition (µg/mg of oil and cookies a) made from different plant and insect oils analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
| Peak No. | tR (min) | Compound Name | ω-n (Δn) | S. gregaria Oil | R. differens Oil | Sesame Oil | Olive Oil | S. gregaria Cookies | R. differens Cookies | Sesame Oil Cookies | Olive oil Cookies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.67 | Methyl octanoate | C8:0 | 1.5 ± 0.08 | 2.2 ± 0.39 | 1.7 ± 0.79 | 2.0 ± 0.16 | 2.1 ± 0.21 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | ||
| 2 | 16.44 | Methyl decanoate | C10:0 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.17 | 2.0 ± 0.81 | 1.6 ±0.17 | 1.5 ± 0.19 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | ||
| 3 | 18.98 | Methyl dodecanoate | C12:0 | 0.6 ± 0.12 | 0.9 ± 0.31 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 2.0 ± 0.18 | 1.8 ± 0.08 | 3.5 ± 0.24 | 2.3 ± 0.12 |
| 4 | 19.25 | Methyl 2,6-dimethylundecanoate | iso-dimethyl-C11:0 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.11 | ||||||
| 5 | 19.60 | Methyl 11-methyldodecanoate | iso-methyl-C12:0 | 0.5 ± 0.13 | 0.4 ± 0.10 | ||||||
| 6 | 19.69 | Methyl 10-methyldodecanoate | iso-methyl-C12:0 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | ||||||
| 7 | 20.17 | Methyl tridecanoate | C13:0 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 1.0 ± 0.13 | 1.6 ± 0.23 | 1.5 ± 0.33 | ||||
| 8 | 20.46 | Methyl 3-methyltridecanoate | iso-methyl-C13:0 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | |||||
| 9 | 20.75 | Methyl 12-methyltridecanoate | iso-methyl-C13:0 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | |||||
| 10 | 21.32 | Methyl tetradecanoate | C14:0 | 8.6 ± 1.50 | 19.2 ± 1.56 | 0.9 ± 0.09 | 1.0 ± 0.05 | 2.3 ± 0.25 | 1.89 ± 0.32 | 14.9 ± 1.14 | 12.5 ± 0.66 |
| 11 | 21.51 | Methyl 2-methyltetradecanoate | iso-methyl-C14:0 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.7 ± 0.21 | 0.9 ± 0.02 | |||||
| 12 | 21.84 | Methyl 13-methyltetradecanoate | iso-methyl-C14:0 | 0.7 ± 0.12 | 1.2 ± 0.16 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | |||||
| 13 | 21.93 | Methyl 9-methyltetradecanoate | iso-methyl-C14:0 | 1.3 ± 0.33 | 2.2 ± 0.08 | 0.4 ± 0.10 | |||||
| 14 | 22.37 | Methyl pentadecanoate | C15:0 | 1.7 ± 0.25 | 3.2 ± 0.37 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 1.7 ± 0.25 | 1.78 ± 0.14 | 1.1 ± 0.07 | 1.1 ± 0.09 |
| 15 | 22.66 | Methyl 3-methylpentadecanoate | iso-methyl-C15:0 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | ||||||
| 16 | 23.66 | Methyl hexadecanoate | C16:0 | 171.7 ± 26.93 | 73.6 ± 4.70 | 171.7 ± 9.44 | 197.2 ± 9.62 | 295.2 ± 22.56 | 250.4 ± 13.12 | ||
| 17 | 23.60 | Methyl 10-hexadecanoate | iso-methyl-C16:0 | 71.0 ± 16.58 | 89.2 ± 1.80 | 174.8 ± 8.93 | |||||
| 18 | 24.05 | Methyl heptadecanoate | C17:0 | 4.9 ± 0.59 | 10.5 ± 1.33 | 139.7 ± 4.39 | 90.9 ± 4.64 | 3.1 ± 0.24 | 2.6 ± 0.14 | ||
| 19 | 24.14 | Methyl 14-methylhexadecanoate | iso-methyl-C16:0 | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 0.9 ± 0.19 | 72.1 ± 2.21 | 5.86 ± 0.36 | ||||
| 20 | 25.55 | Methyl octadecanoate | C18:0 | 51.8 ± 3.27 | 58.5 ± 1.14 | 92.1 ± 4.15 | 61.9 ± 1.15 | 3.8 ± 1.11 | 45.4 ± 2.32 | 88.5 ± 6.77 | 66.9 ± 3.51 |
| 21 | 25.62 | Methyl 6-methyloctadecanoate | iso-methyl-C18:0 | 0.4 ± 0.08 | 0.9 ± 0.17 | 41.7 ± 1.43 | |||||
| 22 | 26.21 | Methyl nonadecanoate | C19:0 | 0.6 ± 0.08 | 1.6 ± 0.17 | 1.1 ± 0.07 | 1.8 ± 0.08 | 3.2 ± 0.31 | 3.4 ± 0.37 | 0.8 ± 0.07 | 0.6 ± 0.05 |
| 23 | 27.05 | Methyl eicosanoate | C20:0 | 30.1 ± 1.08 | 23.2 ± 1.71 | 10.0 ± 0.53 | |||||
| 24 | 27.17 | Methyl 2,6-dimethylnonadecanoate | iso-dimethyl-C19:0 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 1.1 ± 0.45 | ||||||
| 25 | 27.86 | Methyl 2,4-dimethylheneicosanoate | iso-dimethyl-C22:0 | 0.9 ± 0.69 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | ||||||
| 26 | 27.87 | Methyl heneicosanoate | C21:0 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.5 ± 0.19 | 1.1 ± 0.10 | 2.6 ± 0.47 | 2.4 ± 0.22 | 2.2 ± 0.21 | 0.6 ± 0.05 | |
| 27 | 28.01 | Methyl 3-methylheneicosanoate | iso-methyl-C22:0 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.11 | ||||||
| 28 | 28.66 | Methyl docosanoate | C22:0 | 8.9 ± 0.43 | 8.7 ± 0.73 | 5.5 ± 0.29 | 4.6 ± 0.53 | 3.4 ± 0.26 | 2.3 ± 0.12 | ||
| 29 | 29.42 | Methyl tricosanoate | C23:0 | 2.1 ± 0.31 | 2.8 ± 0.23 | 2.2 ± 0.38 | 2.0 ± 0.24 | 2.0 ± 0.16 | 1.4 ± 0.19 | ||
| 30 | 30.06 | Methyl 16-methyltricosanoate | iso-methyl-C23:0 | ||||||||
| 31 | 30.21 | Methyl tetracosanoate | C24:0 | 6.5 ± 0.42 | 5.0 ± 0.62 | 1.6 ± 0.24 | 0.9 ± 0.20 | 4.3 ± 0.30 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | ||
| 32 | 31.10 | Methyl pentacosanoate | C25:0 | 2.1 ± 0.24 | 1.9 ± 0.21 | ||||||
| 33 | 32.17 | Methyl hexacosanoate | C26:0 | 2.2 ± 0.49 | 1.1 ± 0.36 | 1.3 ± 0.12 | 1.4 ± 0.21 | 1.9 ± 0.16 | 0.8 ± 0.06 | ||
| 34 | 33.41 | Methyl 20-methylhexacosanoate | iso-methyl-C26:0 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | |||||||
| 35 | 34.93 | Methyl octacosanoate | C28:0 | 0.9 ± 0.19 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 1.2 ± 0.25 | |||||
| Ʃ SFA | 297.6 ± 26.18 | 259.9 ± 12.79 | 328.4 ±19.25 | 316.8 ± 16.43 | 285.5 ± 11.09 | 341.7 ± 19.29 | 355.5 ± 19.18 | 418.58 ± 31.95 | |||
| 36 | 14.27 | Methyl 2-hexenoate | C6:1 (n-4) | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | ||||||
| 37 | 20.88 | Methyl (11E)-tetradecenoate | C14:1 (n-3) | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | |||||
| 38 | 20.94 | Methyl (11Z)-tetradecenoate | C14:1 (n-3) | 0.5 ± 0.12 | 0.3 ± 0.19 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | |||||
| 39 | 21.01 | Methyl (9E)-dodecenoate | C14:1 (n-3) | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | ||||||
| 40 | 21.02 | Methyl (9Z)-tetradecenoate | C14:1 (n-3) | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.27 | 0.5 ± 0.09 | ||||
| 41 | 22.10 | Methyl (5Z)-decenoate | C10:1 (n-5) | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.9 ± 0.13 | |||||
| 42 | 23.24 | Methyl (9Z)-hexadecenoate | C16:1 (n-7) | 3.1 ± 0.27 | 5.9 ± 0.45 | 5.9 ± 0.26 | 27.7 ± 1.34 | 2.0 ± 0.26 | 5.3 ± 0.37 | 4.6 ± 0.24 | |
| 43 | 24.01 | Methyl 8-heptadecenoate | C17:1 (n-9) | 5.04 ± 0.22 | 8.8 ± 0.64 | ||||||
| 44 | 24.19 | Methyl (10Z)-heptadecenoate | C17:1 (n-7) | 1.4 ± 0.22 | 2.7 ± 0.37 | 2.4 ± 0.08 | 10.0 ± 0.94 | 3.5 ± 0.42 | 3.8 ± 0.29 | 1.6 ± 0.13 | 2.1 ± 0.28 |
| 45 | 24.91 | Methyl (6Z)-octadecenoate | C18:1 (n-12) | 0.6 ± 0.08 | 1.3 ± 0.14 | ||||||
| 46 | 25.24 | Methyl (9Z)-Octadecenoate | C18:1(n-9) | 53.8 ± 2.48 | 41.1 ± 1.81 | 230.9 ± 13.93 | 514.4 ± 15.08 | 1.5 ± 0.14 | 2.7 ± 0.31 | 425.8 ± 32.54 | 151.2 ± 17.30 |
| 47 | 25.25 | Methyl (6E)-octadecenoate | C18:1 (n-12) | 6.1 ± 0.13 | 10.7 ± 0.74 | ||||||
| 48 | 25.31 | Methyl 16-octadecenoate | C18:1 (n-2) | 61.9 ± 0.80 | 40.2 ± 1.31 | ||||||
| 49 | 25.38 | Methyl (9E)-octadecenoate | C18:1(n-9) | 0.7 ± 0.01 | 206.8 ± 6.65 | 205.5 ± 10.49 | |||||
| 50 | 25.41 | Methyl (3Z)-octadecenoate | C18:1 (n-15) | 70.2 ± 3.40 | 69.6 ± 3.56 | ||||||
| 51 | 26.01 | Methyl (10Z)-nonadecenoate | C19:1 (n-9) | 6.6 ± 3.15 | 6.0 ± 0.46 | 10.7 ± 0.37 | 11.1 ± 0.62 | 1.3 ± 0.07 | |||
| 52 | 26.72 | Methyl (11E)-eicosenoate | C20:1(n-9) | 1.1 ± 0.25 | 2.4 ± 0.35 | ||||||
| 53 | 26.86 | Methyl (11Z)-eicosenoate | C20:1(n-9) | 19.3 ± 1.61 | 3.2 ± 0.32 | 3.9 ± 0.21 | 6.0 ± 0.46 | ||||
| 54 | 26.87 | Methyl (13Z)-eicosenoate | C20:1(n-7) | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.6 ± 0.11 | 8.7 ± 2.09 | 4.9 ± 0.26 | ||||
| 55 | 28.47 | Methyl (13Z)-docosenoate | C22:1(n-9) | 0.7 ± 0.06 | 0.6 ± 0.01 | 0.6 ± 0.05 | |||||
| 56 | 28.48 | Methyl (11Z)-docosenoate | C22:1(n-11) | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 0.4 ± 0.05 | ||||||
| 57 | 30.03 | Methyl (15Z)-tetracosenoate | C24:1(n-9) | 3.5 ± 0.66 | 3.7 ± 0.19 | ||||||
| Ʃ MUFA | 134.3 ± 4.69 | 114.5 ± 6.18 | 255.9 ± 19.67 | 579.3 ± 19.53 | 301.3 ± 11.20 | 301.5 ± 15.95 | 166.5 ± 18.48 | 438.8 ± 33.50 | |||
| 58 | 24.78 | Methyl (9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-7) | 2.9 ± 0.23 | 2.1 ± 0.38 | ||||||
| 59 | 25.21 | Methyl (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-6) | 60.2 ± 0.19 | 83.7 ± 1.54 | 496.9 ± 12.67 | 4.0 ± 0.91 | 2.9 ± 0.23 | 2.1 ± 0.38 | 330.9 ± 11.54 | 11.5 ± 0.35 |
| 60 | 25.33 | Methy (9Z,11Z)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-7) | 0.6 ± 0.19 | 1.3 ± 0.14 | ||||||
| 61 | 25.47 | Methyl (5,12)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-7) | 126.7 ± 3.34 | 130.9 ± 6.68 | ||||||
| 62 | 25.60 | Methyl (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-6) | 7.7 ± 0.19 | 15.4 ± 0.28 | 2.0 ± 0.12 | 144.6 ± 3.81 | 149.5 ± 7.63 | |||
| 63 | 25.71 | Methyl (3R,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-6,10,14-trienoate | iso-tetramethyl C20:3(n-1) | 2.3 ± 0.19 | 4.4 ± 0.18 | ||||||
| 64 | 25.71 | Methyl (9Z,15Z)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-3) | 0.9 ± 0.19 | 1.9 ± 0.08 | ||||||
| 65 | 25.74 | Methyl (7,10)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-8) | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.09 | 1.3 ± 0.11 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | ||||
| 66 | 25.90 | Methyl (9E,12E)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-6) | 2.2 ± 0.19 | 5.6 ± 0.25 | 2.7 ± 0.37 | 7.8 ± 0.37 | 7.9 ± 0.46 | 2.3 ± 0.16 | 2.1 ± 0.29 | |
| 67 | 26.24 | Methyl (9E,11E)-octadecadienoate | C18:2(n-7) | 4.2 ± 0.19 | |||||||
| 68 | 26.34 | Methyl (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoate (ALA) | C18:3(n-3) | 14.1 ± 0.51 | 17.6 ± 0.41 | 2.6 ± 0.54 | 1.7 ± 0.28 | 4.1 ± 0.44 | 4.3 ± 0.39 | 0.7 ± 0.21 | 1.3 ± 0.09 |
| 69 | 26.40 | Methyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoate | C20:4(n-6) | 4.1 ± 0.19 | 7.4 ± 0.58 | ||||||
| 70 | 26.45 | Methyl (9Z,11E,13E)-octadecatrienoate | C18:3(n-3) | 3.0 ± 0.19 | 5.3 ± 0.55 | 1.3 ± 0.10 | 1.7 ± 0.28 | 16.0 ± 0.84 | 16.2 ± 1.00 | 1.3 ± 0.09 | 2.5 ± 0.27 |
| 71 | 26.54 | Methyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate (EPA) | C20:5(n-3) | 52.1 ± 1.29 | 44.0 ± 0.65 | 4.7 ± 0.64 | 4.3 ± 0.61 | ||||
| 72 | 26.68 | Methyl (11E,14E)-eicosadienoate | C20:2(n-6) | 3.5 ± 0.19 | 5.9 ± 0.78 | ||||||
| 73 | 28.12 | Methyl (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate (DHA) | C22:6(n-3) | 3.2 ± 0.43 | 7.7 ± 0.63 | 2.4 ± 0.56 | 2.0 ± 0.38 | ||||
| Ʃ PUFA | 158.2 ± 4.22 | 200.5 ± 6.17 | 505.0 ± 13.78 | 9.3 ± 1.67 | 324.8 ± 12.59 | 333.8 ± 19.33 | 337.3 ± 12.39 | 18.1 ± 0.78 | |||
| Ʃ n-6 PUFA | 73.6 ± 0.80 | 118.1 ± 3.43 | 49.9 ± 6.52 | 6.0 ± 1.06 | 294.8 ± 9.88 | 304.9 ± 16.58 | 33.3 ± 2.52 | 13.8 ± 0.51 | |||
| Ʃ n-3 PUFA | 74.2 ± 2.8 | 77.3 ± 2.59 | 4.0 ± 1.12 | 3.2 ± 0.64 | 27.2 ± 2.49 | 26.8 ± 2.38 | 3.2 ± 0.95 | 4.3 ± 0.27 | |||
| Ʃ n-6/n-3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 12.5 | 1.9 | 10.8 | 11.35 | 10.4 | 3.2 | |||
| Ʃ ALA+ EPA + DHA | 69.5 ± 2.23 | 69.3 ± 1.69 | 2.6 ± 0.53 | 1.5 ± 0.36 | 11.1 ± 2.85 | 10.7 ± 1.38 | 0.7 ± 0.21 | 3.0 ± 0.17 |
(tR Retention time, a Mean ± SE (standard error) of triplicate determinations). SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, ALA α-linolenic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA docosapentaenoic acid.