. 2020 Jun 5;9(6):750. doi: 10.3390/foods9060750

Table 1.

Effects of whey protein supplementation on muscle cells in vitro. BSA: Bovine serum albumin; ABAP: 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride; Akt: protein kinase B; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium; tBHP: tert-butyl hydroperoxide; GSH: glutathione; ROS: reactive oxygen species; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; G-Px: glutathione peroxidase; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1.

Whey Protein Description	Experimental Detail	Outcome	Reference
ALPM (β-lactoglobulin 142-145AA) GDLE (β-lactoglobulin 52-55AA) VGIN (α-lactoalbumin 99-102AA) AVEGPK (BSA 568-573AA)	Undifferentiated C2C12,-5 mM synthesized peptide pretreated for 1 h, 37 °C prior to ABAP radical (600 μM)	Each peptide ↓ % free radical formation similar to control V cells treated with ABAP treatment	[49]
Wheylin-1 (MH), thermolysin hydrolysis β-lactoglobulin	Differentiated C2C12, 500 μM synthesized peptide for 3 h at 37 °C, plus insulin (100 nM) for 15 min	↑ phosphorylated Akt: Akt total protein V cells treated with insulin alone or V saline	[50]
Hydrolysed whey protein (COMBAT-MusclePharm, proprietary blend from whey protein concentrate)	Differentiated C2C12, 6 h treatment with 13 μg/mL	↓ raptor mRNA V cells treated with DMEM media alone	[51]
Sheep whey protein	Preincubated differentiated C2C12 cells with sheep whey protein for 24 h at 0.78 1.56, 3.12 and 6.24 mg/mL. Stressed with tBHP for 30 min	↑ GSH, ↓ ROS with 1.56, 3.12 and 6.24 mg/mL V cells treated with tBHP alone	[53]
Whey protein	Undifferentiated C2C12 whey protein (0.4 mg/mL) for 24 h and then stressed with 0.5 mM H₂O₂	↓ MDA V cells treated with H₂O₂ control ↑ GSH, SOD, CAT, G-Px V cells treated with H₂O₂ control	[54]
Ribonucelease5 enriched whey from bovine skim milk	Differentiated C2C12,10 μg/mL Ribonuclease 5 fractions that differed in purity, 4-day differentiation	↑ myogenesis myosin heavy chain staining V cells treated with media alone ↑ creatine kinase activity similar to IGF-1 (200 ng/mL) positive control at 3 and 4 days V cells with media alone	[55]