Figure 5.

The effect of RB phenolic extracts in modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. A significant reduction in IL-12p70 and IL-6 cytokines is observed after treatment with 250 µg/mL (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the pre-treatment with 100 µg/mL (p < 0.05) and 250 µg/mL (p < 0.01) of the RB phenolic extract is observed to have resulted in a significant reduction in the IFN-γ cytokine compared to the control (n = 5). The level of significance is indicated by the asterisks, whereby * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Lipopolysaccharide, LPS; rice bran, RB.