Table 1.
List of T2DM-associated genes and their methylation status
| Gene | Species | Organ/tissue | Sample size | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ins | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 48, T2DM = 9 | Hypermethylation | [18] |
| Rat | INS 832/13 β cell line | ||||
| Rat | INS-1 β cell line | Hypermethylation | [12] | ||
| Rat | Pancreatic islets from Zucker diabetic fatty rats | 10 rats | |||
| Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | Hypermethylation | [86] | |
| PDX-1 | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non- diabetic = 55, T2DM = 9 | Hypermethylation | [24] |
| Rat | INS 832/13 β cell line | ||||
| Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | Hypermethylation | [86] | |
| PPARGC1A | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 48, T2DM = 12 | Hypermethylation | [30] |
| FOSL2 | Human | Blood | NGT = 50, T2DM = 50 | Hypermethylation | [31] |
| PTPN1 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 97, T2DM = 97 | Hypermethylation | [33] |
| SLC30A8 | Human | Blood | NGT = 27, T2DM = 161 | Hypermethylation | [40] |
| IGF-1 | Human | Blood | NGT = 242, T2DM = 164 | Hypermethylation | [42] |
| IGFBP-1 | Human | Blood | NGT = 242, T2DM = 164 | Hypermethylation | [44] |
| IGFBP-7 | Human | Blood | NGT = 100, T2DM =240 | Hypermethylation | [46] |
| GCK | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 47, T2DM = 47 | Hypermethylation | [52] |
| MCP-1 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 15, T2DM = 32 | Hypomethylation | [55] |
| TP53 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 12, T2DM = 27 | Hypermethylation | [56] |
| BRCA1 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 12, T2DM = 27 | Hypermethylation | [56] |
| SCARA3 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 12, T2DM = 27 | Hypermethylation | [56] |
| PRDX2 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 12, T2DM = 27 | Hypermethylation | [56] |
| PRKCZ | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 120, T2DM = 152 | Hypermethylation | [58] |
| GIPR | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 93, T2DM = 93 | Hypomethylation | [60] |
| PTPRD | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 98, T2DM = 94 | Hypermethylation | [70] |
| Mouse | Liver tissue from KK and KK-Cg-Ay/J mice | ||||
| PDK4 | Human | Blood | Normal = 11, T2DM = 25, MetS = 9 | Hypomethylation (in T2DM+MetS groups vs control) | [73] |
| Human | Skeletal muscle | NG = 79, T2DM = 33 | Hypomethylation | [74] | |
| PPARG | Human | Blood | Normal = 11, T2DM = 25, MetS = 9 | Hypermethylation | [73] |
| ABCG1 | Human | Blood | 19 monozygotic twins discordant for T2DM | Hypermethylation | [77] |
| Human | Adipose tissue | 14 monozygotic twins discordant for T2DM | |||
| Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 98, T2DM = 100 | Hypermethylation | [100] | |
| PHOSPHO1 | Human | Skeletal muscle | 17 monozygotic twins discordant for T2DM | Hypomethylation | [77] |
| TXNIP | Human | Blood | 19 monozygotic twins discordant for T2DM | Hypomethylation | [77] |
| Human | Skeletal muscle | 17 monozygotic twins discordant for T2DM | |||
| Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | |||
| Human | Blood |
Discovery: BASICMAR_1 cohort: non-DM = 204, DM = 151 Replication: BASICMAR_2 cohort: non-DM = 108, DM = 59 REGICOR cohort: non-DM = 582, DM = 63 |
Hypomethylation | [82] | |
| Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 98, T2DM = 100 | Hypomethylation | [100] | |
| SREBF1 | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | Hypermethylation | [77] |
| Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 98, T2DM = 100 | Hypermethylation | [100] | |
| EXOC3L2 | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | Hypermethylation | [86] |
| CDKN1A | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | Hypomethylation | [86] |
| PDE7B | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | Hypomethylation | [86] |
| SEPT9 | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 34, T2DM = 15 | Hypomethylation | [86] |
| SLC2A2 | Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 8, T2DM = 6 | Hypermethylation | [95] |
| DVL1 | Human | Blood | 966 individuals from the general population | Hypomethylation | [97] |
| HIST1H4D | Human | Blood | 966 individuals from the general population | Hypomethylation | [97] |
| LOXL2 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 98, T2DM = 100 | Hypomethylation | [100] |
| SLC1A5 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 98, T2DM = 100 | Hypomethylation | [100] |
| FTO | Human | Blood |
Pool-based cross-sectional study: Non-diabetic = 459, T2DM = 710 Individual-based cross-sectional study: Non-diabetic = 233, T2DM = 198 Longitudinal study: 515 individuals |
Hypomethylation | [103] |
| MSI2 | Human | Blood |
Discovery group: Non-diabetic = 13, hyperglycaemic = 8, T2DM = 5 Replication group: Non-diabetic = 220, T2DM = 220 |
Hypomethylation | [109] |
| Human | Pancreatic islets | Non-diabetic = 16, T2DM = 2 | |||
| NR4A1 | Human | Blood | Non-diabetic = 98, T2DM = 94 | Hypermethylation | [110] |
| Mouse | Pancreatic islets and blood from KK and KK.Cg-Ay/J mice |