Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population
| Variable | Metformin | n | Insulin | n | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 31.9 ± 5.01 | 109 | 32.0 ± 5.47 | 107 | 0.89 |
| Smoking | 9 (8.6) | 105 | 17 (16.0) | 106 | 0.099 |
| Primipara | 42 (38.5) | 109 | 49 (45.8) | 107 | 0.28 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 29.5 ± 5.91 | 109 | 28.9 ± 4.71 | 107 | 0.41 |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| HbA1c% at OGTT | 5.48 ± 0.34 | 109 | 5.51 ± 0.34 | 107 | 0.49† |
| HbA1c at OGTT (mmol/mol) | 36.3 ± 3.69 | 36.7 ± 3.72 | |||
| HbA1c% at 36 gw | 5.68 ± 0.33 | 101 | 5.69 ± 0.36 | 95 | 0.82 |
| HbA1c at 36 gw (mmol/mol) | 38.5 ± 3.63 | 38.6 ± 3.89 | |||
| OGTT fasting (mmol/L) | 5.52 ± 0.55 | 109 | 5.57 ± 0.42 | 107 | 0.44 |
| OGTT 1 h (mmol/L) | 11.2 ± 1.49 | 109 | 11.2 ± 1.24 | 107 | 0.61† |
| OGTT 2 h (mmol/L) | 8.33 ± 1.76 | 108 | 7.91 ± 1.75 | 106 | 0.076 |
| C-peptide at baseline (nmol/L) | 1.05 ± 0.33 | 103 | 1.05 ± 0.29 | 101 | 0.90† |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||||
| Gestational hypertension | 2 (1.8) | 109 | 4 (3.7) | 107 | 0.44‡ |
| Preeclampsia | 5 (4.6) | 109 | 10 (9.3) | 107 | 0.19‡ |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 9 (8.3) | 109 | 8 (7.5) | 107 | 0.83 |
| Cesarean section | 15 (13.8) | 109 | 18 (16.8) | 107 | 0.53 |
| Induction of labor | 41 (37.6) | 109 | 58 (54.2) | 107 | 0.014 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 7.97 ± 5.24 | 108 | 7.82 ± 5.27 | 107 | 0.83 |
| Weight gain in late gestation (kg) | 1.79 ± 2.62 | 109 | 2.15 ± 2.97 | 107 | 0.35 |
| Gw at delivery | 39.2 ± 1.40 | 109 | 39.4 ± 1.58 | 107 | 0.43 |
| Neonatal outcomes | |||||
| Birth weight (g) | 3610 ± 490 | 109 | 3590 ± 450 | 107 | 0.78 |
| Birth weight (SD) | 0.17 ± 1.05 | 105 | 0.15 ± 0.96 | 107 | 0.91 |
| Birth weight (centiles) | 54.8 ± 28.9 | 105 | 54.3 ± 28.9 | 107 | |
| Macrosomia | 5 (4.6) | 109 | 1 (0.9) | 107 | 0.21‡ |
| Birth weight < 10th percentile | 12 (11.4) | 105 | 9 (8.4) | 107 | 0.46 |
| Birth weight > 90th percentile | 15 (14.3) | 105 | 17 (15.9) | 107 | 0.74 |
| Admission to NICU | 33 (30.1) | 108 | 39 (36.4) | 107 | 0.36 |
| Newborn I.V. glucose | 25 (23.1) | 108 | 25 (23.6) | 106 | 0.94 |
Data is shown as mean ± SD or n (%). The p-value is given for the t-test or the Mann-Whitney U (indicated with †) and for categorical data for the χ2-test or Fisher’s exact test (indicated with ‡). The number of mothers with clinical variables varied slightly due to missing data for some variables. OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test, gw = gestational weeks, SD = standard deviation, NICU = neonatal intensive care unit, I.V. = intravenous. Birth weight in SD and centiles were adjusted for Finnish population growth charts. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight > 4500 g or > 2 SD