Table 2.
Factors associated with body mass index among slum-dwelling women in Mysore, India (n=607)
| BMI | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight/normal (n=270), n (%) | Overweight (n=91), n (%) | Obese I (n=171), n (%) | Obese II (n=57), n (%) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 50.79 (7.492) | 49.21 (7.536) | 49.12 (6.900) | 49.25 (6.862) | 0.065 |
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 50 (45-58) | 48 (42-55) | 48 (43-55) | 49 (43-55) | - |
| Education | |||||
| No schooling | 196 (72.6) | 53 (58.2) | 100 (58.5) | 24 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| Primary school | 24 (8.9) | 11 (12.1) | 13 (7.6) | 9 (15.8) | |
| High school | 39 (14.4) | 19 (20.9) | 37 (21.6) | 17 (29.8) | |
| Secondary and above | 11 (4.1) | 8 (8.8) | 21 (12.3) | 7 (12.3) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu | 235 (87.4) | 74 (81.3) | 146 (85.4) | 42 (73.7) | 0.115 |
| Muslim | 26 (9.7) | 15 (16.5) | 19 (11.1) | 14 (24.6) | |
| Christian | 8 (3.0) | 2 (2.2) | 6 (3.5) | 1 (1.8) | |
| Caste | |||||
| SC/ST | 138 (51.1) | 40 (44.0) | 77 (45.0) | 24 (42.1) | 0.689 |
| OBC | 87 (32.2) | 37 (40.7) | 62 (36.3) | 23 (40.4) | |
| General caste | 45 (16.7) | 14 (15.4) | 32 (18.7) | 10 (17.5) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 4 (1.5) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.2) | - | 0.167 |
| Married | 126 (46.7) | 46 (50.5) | 103 (60.2) | 27 (47.4) | |
| Other | 140 (51.9) | 44 (48.4) | 66 (38.6) | 30 (52.6) | |
| Work status | |||||
| Employed | 165 (61.1) | 60 (65.9) | 109 (63.7) | 30 (52.6) | 0.389 |
| Housewife | 105 (38.9) | 31 (34.1) | 62 (36.3) | 27 (47.4) | |
| Monthly household income (INR) | |||||
| <3000 | 67 (24.9) | 17 (18.7) | 30 (17.5) | 12 (21.1) | 0.437 |
| 3000-10,000 | 136 (50.6) | 47 (51.6) | 93 (54.4) | 34 (59.6) | |
| >10,000 | 66 (24.5) | 27 (29.7) | 48 (28.1) | 11 (19.3) | |
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Smokeless tobacco use | |||||
| Never user | 217 (80.4) | 81 (89.0) | 160 (93.6) | 48 (84.2) | 0.001 |
| Former user | 8 (3.0) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (1.2) | 5 (8.8) | |
| Current user | 45 (16.7) | 8 (8.8) | 9 (5.3) | 4 (7.0) | |
| Alcohol use | |||||
| Never used | 228 (84.4) | 85 (93.4) | 158 (92.4) | 51 (89.5) | 0.054 |
| Former user | 8 (3.0) | 3 (3.3) | 4 (2.3) | 2 (3.5) | |
| Current user | 34 (12.6) | 3 (3.3) | 9 (5.3) | 4 (7.0) | |
| Caffeine consumption | |||||
| Never | 17 (6.3) | 3 (3.3) | 12 (7.0) | 4 (7.0) | 0.837 |
| Yes, but not daily | 6 (2.2) | 2 (2.2) | 6 (3.5) | 1 (1.8) | |
| Yes, daily | 247 (91.5) | 86 (94.5) | 153 (89.5) | 52 (91.2) | |
| Level of physical activity | |||||
| Inactive/low | 29 (10.7) | 7 (7.7) | 20 (11.7) | 7 (12.3) | 0.914 |
| Active | 113 (41.9) | 40 (44.0) | 74 (43.3) | 27 (47.4) | |
| Highly active | 128 (47.4) | 44 (48.4) | 77 (45.0) | 23 (40.4) | |
| Current health status | |||||
| Diabetes | 64 (23.7) | 23 (25.3) | 63 (36.8) | 36 (63.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 219 (81.1) | 86 (94.5) | 164 (95.9) | 55 (96.5) | <0.001 |
| HCL | 16 (5.9) | 8 (8.8) | 14 (58.2) | 2 (3.5) | 0.495 |
| Anxiety/depression | |||||
| None | 46 (17.0) | 20 (22.0) | 41 (24.0) | 10 (17.5) | 0.507 |
| Moderate | 202 (74.8) | 67 (73.6) | 121 (70.8) | 43 (75.4) | |
| Extreme | 22 (8.1) | 4 (4.4) | 9 (5.3) | 4 (7.0) | |
| Sleep factors | |||||
| Duration of sleep (h/night) | |||||
| Weighted average (SD) | 7.220 (1.443) | 7.183 (1.450) | 7.018 (1.485) | 7.211 (1.295) | 0.531 |
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 7.143 (6-8) | 7.000 (6-8) | 7.000 (6-8) | 7.286 (6-8) | - |
| Napping (times/usual week) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.715 (1.283) | 0.637 (0.837) | 0.643 (0.858) | 0.825 (0.869) | 0.664 |
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-1) | 1 (0-1) | - |
| Daytime sleepiness | |||||
| Normal sleepiness | 257 (95.2) | 82 (90.1) | 156 (91.2) | 47 (82.5) | 0.054 |
| Average sleepiness | 7 (2.6) | 7 (7.7) | 10 (5.8) | 5 (8.8) | |
| Abnormal sleepiness | 6 (2.2) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (2.9) | 5 (8.8) | |
| Snoring | |||||
| Nonsnorer | 199 (75.7) | 59 (67.0) | 96 (58.2) | 13 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Moderate snorer | 12 (4.6) | 7 (8.0) | 13 (7.9) | 7 (13.5) | |
| Habitual snorer | 52 (19.8) | 22 (25.0) | 56 (33.9) | 32 (61.5) | |
| How often do you stop breathing while sleeping | |||||
| Never | 242 (91.3) | 79 (89.8) | 152 (90.5) | 50 (89.3) | 0.728 |
| Rarely | 9 (3.4) | 2 (2.3) | 5 (3.0) | 2 (3.6) | |
| Sometimes | 8 (3.0) | 6 (6.8) | 7 (4.2) | 3 (5.4) | |
| Frequently | 5 (1.9) | - | 4 (2.4) | 1 (1.8) | |
| Always or almost always | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | - | - | |
| Insomnia | |||||
| No | 118 (43.7) | 43 (47.3) | 85 (49.7) | 35 (61.4) | 0.530 |
| Rarely | 25 (9.3) | 9 (9.9) | 13 (7.6) | 4 (7.0) | |
| Occasionally | 49 (18.1) | 14 (15.4) | 23 (13.5) | 5 (8.8) | |
| Frequently | 78 (28.9) | 25 (27.5) | 50 (29.2) | 13 (22.8) | |
| Ever use of sleep medication | 10 (3.7) | 4 (4.4) | 8 (4.7) | 4 (7.0) | 0.765 |
Snoring: “Nonsnorer” defined as a never snored or a former snorer (used to snore, but no longer snores). “Moderate snorer” defined as a current snorer who snores 1–2 nights per week. “Habitual snorer” defined as a current snorer who snores 3–7 nights per week. Education: No schooling, Primary school (1–7 years), High school (8–12 years), and Secondary school or above (12+years). Marital status: “Other” includes separated, divorced, and widow/widower. Caffeine consumption: Defined as consumption of coffee or tea. Level of physical activity: “Inactive/low” defined as <600 met-min. “Active” defined as 600–1200 met-min. “Highly active” defined as >1200 met-min. BMI: Underweight <18.5 kg/m2, Normal weight 18.5–22.9 kg/m2, Overweight: 23–24.9 kg/m2, Obese I: 25–29.9 kg/m2, Obese II ≥30 kg/m2. Diabetes: Defined as eAG>125 mg/dL or use of medication for diabetes. Hypertension: Defined as systolic BP ≥130 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥80 mmHg, or use of medication for elevated BP. HCL: Defined as LDL-C≥190 mg/dL or use of cholesterol lowering medication. Anxiety/depression: Self-reported history of anxiety and/or depression. Napping: Defined as napping for at least 5 min. Daytime sleepiness: “Normal sleepiness” defined as 0 ≤ESS ≤6. “Average sleepiness” defined as 7 ≤ESS ≤8. “Abnormal sleepiness” defined as 9 ≤ESS ≤24. How often do you stop breathing while sleeping: “Rarely” defined as <1 night per week. “Sometimes” defined as 1–2 nights per week. “Frequently” defined as 3–5 nights per week. “Always or almost always” defined as 6–7 nights per week. Insomnia: “No” defined as <2 nights per month. “Rarely” defined as 2–4 nights per month. “Occasionally” defined as 5–15 nights per month. “Frequently” defined as 16–30 nights per month. If a subject had more than one of the five symptoms of insomnia, insomnia was categorized based on the most frequent symptom. SD: Standard deviation, Q1: First quartile, Q3: Third quartile, SC/ST: Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe, BMI: Body mass index, eAG: Estimated average glucose, BP: Blood pressure, INR: Indian Rupees, HCL: Hypercholesterolemia, ESS: Epworth Sleep Scale, LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol