Table A1.
Heterogeneous causality between wealth and transportation.
| Country | Null: Heterogeneous Non-Causality (HENC) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W to F | F to W | W to P | P to W | |
| Australia | 4.218** | 4.843** | 1.693 | 3.058* |
| Canada | 7.348*** | 7.242*** | 14.638*** | 13.196*** |
| China | 8.753*** | 6.921*** | 10.783*** | 6.964*** |
| Czechia | 3.589** | 3.849** | 3.525** | 12.982** |
| Denmark | 3.163* | 9.308*** | 11.134*** | 9.726*** |
| Finland | 12.379* | 10.853* | 0.348 | 0.325 |
| France | 4.408** | 4.315** | 2.517** | 3.229** |
| Germany | 16.939*** | 7.844*** | 7.886*** | 7.884*** |
| Greece | 2.462* | 0.734 | 1.071 | 15.983*** |
| Italy | 0.615 | 6.588*** | 0.769 | 4.698*** |
| Japan | 6.907*** | 2.558** | 7.447*** | 5.382*** |
| Mexico | 4.261*** | 6.740*** | 2.233 | 3.241** |
| Netherlands | 3.994** | 12.893*** | 0.766 | 0.449 |
| Spain | 11.558*** | 5.859*** | 12.353*** | 12.514*** |
| Sweden | 2.160* | 3.327** | 4.208** | 2.905** |
| UK | 5.143*** | 7.163*** | 2.927** | 3.135** |
| USA | 3.578** | 4.768*** | 3.811** | 5.789*** |
Note: W, Wealth; F, Freight; P, Passenger. ***, ** and * Reject H0 at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of significance, respectively.