Table 5.
The comparison of HENC results between wealth and income.
| Country | (1) W and F |
(2) I and F |
(3) W and P |
(4) I and P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | bidirectional | bidirectional | P to W | bidirectional |
| Canada | bidirectional | I to F | bidirectional | no causality |
| China | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | P to I |
| Czechia | bidirectional | I to F | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| Denmark | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| Finland | bidirectional | bidirectional | no causality | I to P |
| France | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| Germany | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| Greece | W to F | no causality | P to W | bidirectional |
| Italy | F to W | bidirectional | P to W | bidirectional |
| Japan | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| Mexico | bidirectional | bidirectional | P to W | I to P |
| Netherlands | bidirectional | bidirectional | no causality | no causality |
| Spain | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| Sweden | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| UK | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
| USA | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional | bidirectional |
Note: W, Wealth; I, Income; F, Freight; P, Passenger.