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. 2020 Jul 11;97:19–25. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.07.004

Table 6.

Homogeneous causality between capital stock and transportation.

Eqns. HINC HC
Causality from capital stock to freight (1) 14.189*** 13.174***
Causality from freight to capital stock (2) 11.711*** 9.424***



Causality from capital stock to passenger (1) 15.529*** 12.993***
Causality from passenger to capital stock (2) 6.262*** 3.488***

Note: HINC, Homogenous and Instantaneous Non-Causality hypothesis; HC, Homogenous Causality hypothesis. ***, ** and * Reject H0 at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of significance, respectively.