. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 May 5;51(12):1222–1232. doi: 10.1111/apt.15770

Table 1.

Clinical gastroenteritis and risk of inflammatory bowel disease.

Study	Study location and Period	Study Design	Study population	Patient-years or years of follow up	Number of exposed individuals	GE Diagnosis	Number of IBD diagnoses	Risk Assessment (95% CI)
Garcia Rodriguez, 2006¹⁶	UK, 1992–2001	Cohort	General Practice Research Database in UK 94,013	325,743	43,013 (All GE)	ICD coding	64 (UC)	UC: HR 2.3 (1.5–3.6; All GE)
Garcia Rodriguez, 2006¹⁶	UK, 1992–2001	Cohort	General Practice Research Database in UK 94,013	325,743	43,013 (All GE)	ICD coding	40 (CD)	CD: HR 3.1 (1.7–5.7; All GE)
Porter 2008¹⁴	USA, 1999–2006	Case-control	US military 14,665	Max 7 years per patient	828 (All GE)	ICD coding	115 (UC)	UC: OR 1.4 (1.1–1.7; All GE)
Porter 2008¹⁴	USA, 1999–2006	Case-control	US military 14,665	Max 7 years per patient	828 (All GE)	ICD coding	88 (CD)	CD: OR 1.5 (1.2–2.0; All GE)
Gradel, 2009¹¹	Denmark, 1991–2003	Cohort	Nationwide 39,264	Max 15 years per patient	6,685 (Campylobacter)	ICD coding	79 (UC)	UC: HR 2.8 (1.7–4.6; Salmonella)
					6,685 (Campylobacter)		29 (CD)	HR 3.0 (1.9–4.9; Campylobacter)
					6,463 (Salmonella)			CD: HR 2.5 (1.0–6.3; Salmonella)
					6,463 (Salmonella)			HR 3.3 (1.6–7.0; Campylobacter)
Jess, 2011¹⁷	Denmark, 1992–2008	Cohort	Nationwide NR	94,264,447	49,420 (Campylobacter)	Stool culture	487 (UC)	UC: IRR 3.0 (2.6–3.4; Salmonella)
					49,420 (Campylobacter)		161 (CD)	IRR 2.6 (2.3–3.0; Campylobacter)
					41,628 (Salmonella)			CD: IRR 2.2 (1.7–2.7; Salmonella)
					41,628 (Salmonella)			IRR 2.2 (1.8–2.7; Campylobacter)
Porter, 2017¹⁵	USA, 2001–2009	Cohort	US military 82,107	470,060	18 (All GE, in IBD only)	ICD coding	49 (UC)	UC: HR 2.9 (1.4–6.0; All GE)
Porter, 2017¹⁵	USA, 2001–2009	Cohort	US military 82,107	470,060	18 (All GE, in IBD only)	ICD coding	58 (CD)	CD: HR 1.1 (0.5–2.5; All GE)
Castaño-Rodríguez, 2017¹³	Pooled	Meta-analysis	Pooled, 1652	-	-	-	519 (IBD)	IBD: P-OR 2.97 (1.33 to 6.63,
Castaño-Rodríguez, 2017¹³	Pooled	Meta-analysis	Pooled, 1652	-	-	-		Campylobacter species)
Axelrad, 2019¹⁸	Sweden, 2002–2014	Case-control	Nationwide 480,721	Max 12 years per patient	20,790 (All GE)	ICD coding	1,672 (UC)	UC: OR 1.6 (1.5–1.7; All GE)
							1,050 (CD)	CD: OR 1.7 (1.6–1.8; All GE)
							383 (IBDU)	IBDU: OR 2.0 (1.7–2.2; All GE)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; IBD-U: Inflammatory bowel disease- Unclassified; GE: gastroenteritis; HR: hazard ratio; OR: odds ratio; IRR: incidence rate ratio; NR: not reported; CI: confidence interval