Table 3.
Specific pathogens associated with risk of IBD.
| Increased Risk | Decreased risk | |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Salmonella species | Helicobacter pylori |
| Escherichia coli | ||
| Yersinia species | ||
| Campylobacter species | ||
| Enterohepatic Helicobacter species | ||
| Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis | ||
| Clostridioides difficile | ||
| Listeria monocytogenes | ||
| Proteus mirabilis | ||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | ||
| Citrobacter species | ||
| Viruses | Norovirus | |
| Cytomegalovirus | ||
| Epstein–Barr virus | ||
| Human herpes virus 3 | ||
| Human herpes virus 6 | ||
| Human herpes virus 8 | ||
| Measles virus | ||
| Mumps virus | ||
| Rubella virus | ||
| Rotavirus | ||
| Adenovirus | ||
| Fungi | Candida species | |
| Aspergillus species | ||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | ||
| Parasites | Amoeba/Entamoeba histolytica | Trichuris suis |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Hymenolepis diminuta | |
| Schistosoma species | ||
| Nector americanus |