Table 1. Benign conditions associated with serum PSA changes.
| Condition | Study | Finding |
|---|---|---|
| Age | Oesterling et al. 1993 (40) | Upper limit (between 2.5 to 6.5 ng/mL) increases between age 40–79 |
| Ethnicity | DeAntoni et al. 1996 (41) | Statistically significant pairwise differences in mean PSA between whites and blacks, whites and Latinos, blacks and Asians and Asians and Latinos |
| Weight | Beebe-Dimmer et al. 2008 (42) | Flint’s Men’s Health Study showed that overweight African American men had on average 0.15 to 0.30 ng/mL lower PSA than those of normal weight |
| Medications | Adhyam and Gupta 2012 (43) | Finasteride, Dutasteride, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors reduce serum PSA by 50% or greater |
| Digital rectal examination | Chybowski et al. 1992 (44) | Elevated PSA of 0.4 ng/mL in test subjects compared to control |
| Ejaculation | Tchetgen et al. 1996 (45) | Mean relative PSA increase (± standard error) ranged from 41% (±4%) after 1 hour to 10% (±2.3%) after 48 hours |
| Acute prostatitis | Gamé et al. 2003 (46) | Total PSA increased up to day 3, then decreased over a month. Level of free PSA decreased up to day 10 and remained low for a month |
| Prostate biopsy | Oesterling et al. 1993 (47) | Increase in serum PSA with a median change of 7.9 ng/mL. 15–17 days to normalize |
| Trans-urethral resection of prostate | Increase in serum PSA with a median change of 5.9 ng/mL, 18 days to normalize | |
| Acute urinary retention | Aliasgari et al. 2005 (48) | Increase serum PSA by a factor of 2-fold and can take 2 weeks to normalize |
PSA, prostate specific antigen.