Table 2. Study characteristics.
| Study | Year | Country | Design | No. of patients | Approach | Interventions† | Outcomes reported‡ | Study quality§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E/F | Non-E/F | ||||||||
| Gralla et al. | 2007 | Germany | RCT | 25 | 25 | LRP | A, C, D, F, G, H, I, J | 1,2,3,4,12 | Moderate risk of bias |
| Parrado et al. | 2008 | Spain | CCT | 60 | 26 | LRP | ¶ | 1,2,4,5,6,7,9,11 | High quality |
| Ahmed et al. | 2011 | Germany | RCT | 25 | 25 | LRP | A, C, D, F, G, H, I, J | 1,2,3,5,10,13,14 | Moderate risk of bias |
| Hiba et al. | 2014 | Canada | CCT | 99 | 100 | RRP, LRP, RARP | A, B, C, H, I, J, K | 1,4,11,12 | High quality |
| Melinda et al. | 2016 | USA | CCT | 9 | 9 | RARP | A, E, F, H, I, J | 2,3,13,14 | High quality |
| Yaiesh et al. | 2016 | Kuwait | CCT | 21 | 12 | RARP | ¶ | 1 | Unclear |
| Nosov et al. | 2016 | Russia | CCT | 42 | 44 | LRP | A, B, C, E, G, H, I, J | 1,2,3,4,5,6,11,13,14 | High quality |
| Sugi et al. | 2017 | Japan | CCT | 75 | 123 | RARP | B, C, H, I | 1,2,3,4,5,7,8 | High quality |
| Huang et al. | 2018 | China | CCT | 36 | 37 | RARP | A, B, C, F, H, I, J | 1,2,3,4,7,8 | High quality |
| Graham et al. | 2019 | USA | CCT | 63 | 63 | RARP | ¶ | 1,5,10 | Unclear |
| Lin et al. | 2019 | China | CCT | 124 | 164 | LRP | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12 | High quality |
†, A: patient education; B: non-strict preoperative bowel preparation; C: non-strict preoperative fasting; D: intraoperative warming; E: optimization of anesthesia; F: goal-directed fluid management; G: reduce unnecessary indwelling of wound drainage tubes; H: Encourage early mobilization; I: encourage early oral feeding; J: enhanced postoperative analgesia; K: early removal of drainage tube or catheter; ‡, 1: LOS; 2: operation time; 3: estimated blood loss; 4: complications; 5: time of catheter removal; 6: time of drainage-tube removal; 7: time of taking food; 8: time of anus exhaust; 9: time of postoperative activity; 10: postoperative pain score; 11: transfusion; 12: readmission; 13: positive lymph nodes; 14: positive surgical margins; §, the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for CCTs; ¶, there are no detailed ERAS/FTS items in these three studies, but the authors explicitly proposed ERAS/FTS-like protocol in these studies. RCT, randomized controlled trial; CCT, controlled clinical trial; LRP, laparoscopic radical prostatectomy; RRP, radical retropubic prostatectomy; RARP, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy; LOS, length of stay; ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; FTS, fast track surgery.