Table 3.
Associations of maternal phthalate urine concentration during pregnancy with childhood blood pressure at 10 years, stratified for boys and girls.
| Measures of blood pressure at 10 years (in standard deviation scores, 95% confidence interval) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean systolic blood pressure | Mean diastolic blood pressure | ||||||
| Exposure | Trimester | Boys | Girls | p-value$ | Boys | Girls | p-value$ |
| PA | First trimester | 0.04 (−0.05; 0.14) | −0.03 (−0.13; 0.07) | 0.322 | 0.01 (−0.09; 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.13; 0.07) | 0.311 |
| Second trimester | 0.07 (−0.04; 0.18) | 0.02 (−0.10; 0.14) | 0.626 | 0.02 (−0.10; 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.11; 0.14) | 0.777 | |
| Third trimester | 0.03 (−0.07; 0.13) | −0.03 (−0.15; 0.08) | 0.412 | −0.05 (− 0.16; 0.06) | −0.12 (−0.24; −0.01)* | 0.254 | |
| LMWP | First trimester | 0.04 (−0.07; 0.14) | 0.04 (−0.08; 0.15) | 0.973 | 0.04 (−0.07; 0.16) | 0.01 (−0.11; 0.12) | 0.363 |
| Second trimester | 0.05 (−0.06; 0.16) | 0.11 (−0.01; 0.23) | 0.457 | −0.06 (−0.18; 0.06) | 0.09 (−0.03; 0.21) | 0.203 | |
| Third trimester | −0.00 (−0.12; 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.15; 0.10) | 0.797 | −0.04 (−0.17; 0.08) | −0.12 (−0.25; 0.01) | 0.218 | |
| HMWP | First trimester | 0.03 (−0.07; 0.12) | −0.04 (−0.15; 0.06) | 0.346 | 0.06 (−0.04; 0.15) | −0.10 (−0.20; 0.01) | 0.025# |
| Second trimester | 0.05 (−0.05; 0.14) | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.06) | 0.234 | 0.05 (−0.05; 0.15) | −0.10 (−0.20; −0.00)* | 0.037# | |
| Third trimester | −0.04 (−0.13; 0.06) | −0.14 (−0.24; 0.05)† | 0.081# | −0.03 (−0.14; 0.08) | −0.21 (−0.30; −0.11)† | 0.014# | |
| DEHP | First trimester | 0.03 (−0.07; 0.12) | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.07) | 0.362 | 0.05 (−0.05; 0.15) | −0.09 (−0.19; 0.02) | 0.047# |
| Second trimester | 0.04 (−0.05; 0.14) | −0.05 (−0.14; 0.05) | 0.218 | 0.06 (−0.04; 0.16) | −0.09 (−0.19; 0.06) | 0.034# | |
| Third trimester | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.06) | −0.13 (−0.22; −0.03)† | 0.136 | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.07) | −0.18 (−0.28; −0.09)† | 0.033# | |
| DNOP | First trimester | 0.02 (−0.07; 0.10) | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.06) | 0.390 | 0.02 (−0.07; 0.11) | −0.07 (−0.17; 0.03) | 0.204 |
| Second trimester | 0.04 (−0.05; 0.13) | −0.06 (−0.16; 0.05) | 0.219 | −0.01 (−0.11; 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.15; 0.07) | 0.695 | |
| Third trimester | 0.03 (−0.06; 0.13) | −0.11 (−0.21; −0.01)* | 0.038# | −0.01 (−0.11; 0.09) | −0.17 (−0.26; −0.07)† | 0.047# | |
Values are regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) from linear regression models that reflect the difference in blood pressure in SDS for an interquartile range increase in each natural log-transformed phthalate or bisphenol (in μmol/g creatinine) in boys or girls. Model includes child’s age and standardized height and maternal age, education, parity, ethnicity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, alcohol consumption and smoking habits (specifically in early, mid and late pregnancy).
Values are p-values from associations from linear regression models that reflect the significance of the interaction of gender and exposure on childhood blood pressure.
DEHP, di-2-ethylhexylphthalate; DNOP, di-n-octylphthalate; HMWP, high molecular weight phthalates; LMWP, low molecular weight phthalate; PA, phthalic acid.
p-value for interaction term < 0.10.
p-value < 0.05.
Significant after correction for multiple testing (p-value threshold of 0.0098).