Table 3.

Impedimetric graphene–modified sensors to determine ssDNA. Every sensor layer is additionally modified with a specific capture probe DNA

Material	Modification	Nucleotides	Linear range	LOD	Selectivity	Reference
GO	Chitosan	21	10 fM–10 nM	3.6 fM	Mismatched	[133]
carboxylated graphene-nanoflakes	APTMS-ZnO	17	0.1 fM–1 μM	0.1 fM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[134]
rGO	Exonuclease III	23	50 aM–1 nM	10.0 aM	Mismatched	[79]
rGO	Liposome	24	1 μM–1 fM	10.0 aM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[128]
rGO	Au NPs-PABA	20	0.1 fM–10 nM	37 aM	Mismatched	[129]
rGO	PANI	23	0.5 fM–0.1 nM	0.1 fM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[126]
rGO	PPy-CO2H	19	10 fM–10 nM	3 fM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[127]
rGO	ZrO2-hairpin probe DNA	22	10 fM–0.1 nM	4.3 fM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[135]
rGO	Nafion	–	0.1 pM–0.1 nM	23 fM	Mismatched	[136]
rGO	Au NPs	30	0.1 pM–0.1 μM	36 fM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[130]
rGO	MnTPP	25	0.1 fM–10 pM	61 fM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[80]
rGO	Au NPs	18	10 nM–20 μM	0.18 nM	Non-complementary	[131]
cvdG	oxygenated	15	2 aM–1 pM	1.0 aM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[137]
ecG	–	–	0.2–5 pg mL−1	0.68 pg mL−1	–	[138]
Ultrasound-exfoliated graphene	ZnO	25	10 pM–1 μM	4.3 pM	Mismatched, non-complementary	[132]

APTMS (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, PABA 4-aminobenzoic acid, PANI polyaniline (emeraldine salt)