Table 2.
Association between sociodemographic variables and the psychological impact/adverse mental health status during the epidemic (n = 1160).
| Variable | N (%) | IES-R |
DASS – Stress |
DASS – Anxiety |
DASS – Depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 741 (63.9) | 5.46*** (3.61–7.31) | 2.63*** (1.30–3.96) | 2.06*** (1.07–3.04) | 1.65* (0.38–2.92) |
| Male | 419 (36.1) | Reference | |||
| Age | |||||
| 18–30 years | 535 (46.1) | 7.75** (2.53–12.98) | 10.06*** (6.47–13.66) | 5.79*** (3.06–8.52) | 9.65*** (6.21–13.08) |
| 31–40 years | 270 (23.3) | 6.85* (1.47–12.24) | 8.25*** (4.55–11.96) | 4.62** (1.81–7.43) | 6.63*** (3.09–10.17) |
| 41–50 years | 200 (17.2) | 2.74 (−2.75–8.23) | 3.64 (−0.15–7.42) | 2.16 (−0.71–5.03) | 3.32 (−0.29–6.93) |
| 51–60 years | 119 (10.3) | 1.40 (−4.37–7.17) | 1.66 (−2.32–5.63) | 0.83 (−2.19–3.84) | 1.88 (−1.91–5.68) |
| > 60 years | 36 (3.1) | Reference | |||
| Education | |||||
| Primary school | 13 (1.1) | 4.66 (−4.65–13.96) | −0.05 (−6.66–6.57) | 0.55 (−4.39–5.49) | 1.68 (−4.60–7.96) |
| Middle school | 18 (1.6) | 3.52 (−4.66–11.70) | −0.31 (−6.13–5.50) | 1.63 (−2.71–5.97) | 0.86 (−4.66–6.38) |
| High school | 183 (15.8) | 8.83*** (4.29–13.38) | 5.00** (1.77–8.23) | 4.65*** (2.24–7.07) | 7.44*** (4.37–10.51) |
| Diploma | 100 (8.6) | 6.69** (1.70–11.67) | 1.72 (−1.83–5.26) | 1.93 (−0.72–4.57) | 3.31 (−0.06–6.67) |
| Bachelors | 710 (61.2) | 9.16*** (5.05–13.28) | 5.60*** (2.67–8.52) | 4.12*** (1.93–6.30) | 6.40*** (3.62–9.18) |
| Master | 77 (6.6) | 2.68 (−2.57–7.93) | 1.98 (−1.76–5.71) | 2.35 (−0.43–5.14) | 2.33 (−1.22–5.88) |
| PhD | 59 (5.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 488 (42.1) | 1.20 (−8.10–10.50) | 3.45 (−3.00–9.90) | 1.64 (−3.21–6.50) | 3.68 (−2.40–9.76) |
| Married | 630 (54.3) | −2.80 (−12.08–6.48) | −2.29 (−8.73–4.14) | −10.92 (−60.76–20.92) | −2.71 (−8.77–3.36) |
| Divorced | 31 (2.7) | −3.19 (−13.90–7.51) | −2.22 (−9.65–5.20) | −10.14 (−60.72–40.45) | −1.55 (−8.55–5.45) |
| Widowed | 11 (0.9) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed | 264 (22.8) | −0.46 (−5.53–4.62) | 3.20 (−0.32–6.71) | 2.44 (−0.22–5.10) | 3.34 (−0.02–6.69) |
| Employed | 406 (35) | −5.72* (−10.68 to −0.77) | 0.17 (−3.26–3.60) | 0.16 (−2.44–2.75) | 0.55 (−2.73–3.82) |
| Student | 336 (29) | −0.51 (−5.51–4.49) | 5.59** (2.13–9.06) | 3.69** (1.07–6.31) | 6.71*** (3.41–10.01) |
| Retired | 113 (9.7) | −7.94** (−13.45 to −2.44) | −5.08** (−8.90 to −1.26) | −2.41 (−5.30–0.47) | −2.80 (−6.43–0.84) |
| Self-employed | 41 (3.5) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Family monthly income | |||||
| <5000 SAR | 90 (7.8) | 4.00* (0.11–7.90) | 2.51 (−0.27–5.28) | 1.50 (−0.56–3.56) | 2.85* (0.21–5.49) |
| 5000–9999 SAR | 234 (20.2) | 1.64 (−1.32–4.59) | −0.53 (−2.63–1.58) | −0.62 (−2.18–0.94) | −0.18 (−2.19–1.82) |
| 10,000–14,999 SAR | 277 (23.9) | 1.30 (−1.55–4.15) | −1.03 (−3.06–1.00) | −0.59 (−2.10–0.91) | −0.66 (−2.60–1.27) |
| 15,000–19,999 SAR | 231 (19.9) | 0.84 (−2.13–3.80) | −0.41 (−2.52–1.70) | −0.95 (−2.52–0.62) | −0.26 (−2.27–1.75) |
| 20,000–24,999 SAR | 130 (11.2) | −2.63 (−6.09–0.83) | −2.04 (−4.50–0.42) | −2.37* (−4.20 to −0.54) | −2.15 (−4.49–0.19) |
| >25,000 SAR | 198 (17.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Working in the medical field | |||||
| Yes^ | 136 (11.7) | 0.42 (−2.38–3.23) | 4.33*** (2.35–6.31) | 1.32 (−0.16–2.80) | 2.77** (0.88–4.67) |
| Have a family member that works in the medical field | |||||
| Yes^ | 324 (27.9) | 1.76 (−0.24–3.77) | 1.77* (0.34–3.20) | 1.17* (0.11–2.24) | 2.04** (0.68–3.40) |
IES-R: Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES-R);DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 Items; B (95% CI):beta coefficient(95% confidence interval); ^ No “as reference * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < 0.001.