Table 1.

Comparison of proposed OTA detection strategies and this work.

Detection Method	Matrix	LOD	References
colorimetric	peanuts, corn	74.3 pM	[21]
fluorescence	bear, red wine	4.2 nM	[23]
fluorescence	red wine	198.1 pM	[24]
electrochemical	soybean	5.2 fg mL−1	[26]
immunofluorescence	corn, rice, wheat	0.12 pM	[50]
fluorescence	corn flour	30 pM	[51]
chemiluminescence	wheat, rice, core	10.6 pM	[52]
chemiluminescence	coffee	0.5 nM	[53]
electrochemical	coffee	0.125 ng mL−1	[54]
fluorescence	wheat flour, red wine	4.9 pM	this work