Table 1.

The mechanisms by which uremic toxins impact vascular dysfunction.

Uremic Toxins	Effect on Vascular Reactivity
Phosphate	Vasoconstriction and decrease of vasorelaxation, decrease in NO production, stimulation of ROS production, induction of endothelial cells apoptosis.
p-cresyl sulfate	Vasoconstriction, stimulation of ROS production, increase in EMP release, vascular remodeling.
Indoxyl sulfate	Decrease of endothelium dependent vasorelaxation, decrease of NO production, stimulation of ROS production, reduction of endothelial cells viability.
Klotho deficiency	Arterial stiffness, decrease of eNOS expression, stimulation of ROS production, decrease of vasorelaxation.
FGF23	Stimulation of ROS production, increase in vasoconstriction or decrease of vasorelaxation, reduction of NO production.
ADMA, SDMA	Inhibition of NO synthase, stimulation of ROS production.
AGE	Stimulation of ROS production, inhibition of NO synthase activity, induction of ET-1 expression.