Table 7.
Average change per subject in working memory and reaction time over 12 months between active and placebo intervention groups.
| Variable | Active Intervention | Placebo Intervention | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Baseline Median (IQR) |
12 Months Median (IQR) |
Δ | Outcome | n | Baseline Median (IQR) |
12 Months (Median (IQR) |
Δ | Outcome | |
| Working memory (SWM) | ||||||||||
| Between errors stage 4 | 6 | 1.0 (0.8–2.0) | 1.5 (0.8–2.5) | +1 | Declined | 7 | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0–3.0) | 0 | Unchanged |
| Between errors stage 6 | 6 | 5.5 (2.0–7.5) | 6.0 (5.5–8.8) | +2 | Declined | 7 | 6.0 (6.0–7.0) | 9.0 (6.0–10.0) | +1 | Declined |
| Between errors stage 8 | 5 | 17.0 (15.0–17.0) | 16.0 (10.0–18.0) | −2 | Improved | 5 | 12.0 (10.5–15.5) | 13.0 (12.5–18.0) | +2 | Declined |
| Between errors all stages | 5 | 21.0 (20.0–24.0) | 26.0 (15.5–27.0) | −2 | Improved | 5 | 20.0 (19.0–23.5) | 21.0 (20.0–24.0) | +2 | Declined |
| Total errors stage 4 | 6 | 1.0 (0.8–2.0) | 1.5 (0.8–2.5) | +1 | Declined | 7 | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0–3.0) | −1 | Improved |
| Total errors stage 6 | 6 | 5.5 (2.0–7.5) | 6.0 (5.5–9.0) | +2 | Declined | 7 | 6.0 (6.0–7.0) | 10.0 (6.0–11.0) | +2 | Declined |
| Total errors stage 8 | 5 | 17.0 (15.0–18.5) | 16.0 (10.5–19.0) | −2 | Improved | 5 | 12.0 (10.5–16.5) | 15.0 (12.5–18.0) | +2 | Declined |
| Total errors all stages | 5 | 21.0 (20.0–25.5) | 26.0 (16.0–28.0) | 0 | Unchanged | 5 | 22.0 (13.5–22.8) | 22.5 (20.5–24.3) | +4 | Declined |
| Strategy | 5 | 10.0 (8.5–12.0) | 10.0 (8.5–11.5) | 0 | Unchanged | 5 | 9.0 (6.8–10.5) | 9.0 (9.0–10.5) | +1 | Declined |
| Attention (RTI) | ||||||||||
| Simple reaction time | 6 | 381.1 (364.4–463.6) | 397.3 (342.8–453.9) | −2 | Improved | 7 | 389.7 (340.4–430.6) | 369.2 (355.3–448.7) | −2 | Improved |
| Simple movement time | 6 | 302.9 (181.9–432.5) | 316.0 (244.7–433.5) | +13 | Declined | 7 | 318.9 (274.6–337.7) | 344.2 (246.3–449.8) | +29 | Declined |
| Simple error score | 6 | 1.5 (0–2.8) | 1.0 (0–2.5) | 0 | Unchanged | 7 | 1.0 (0–3.0) | 1.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0 | Unchanged |
| Five-choice reaction time | 6 | 483.7 (420.5–519.5) | 445.7 (429.1–477.4) | −20 | Improved | 7 | 435.1 (391.2–479.0) | 450.7 (393.4–488.3) | +12 | Declined |
| Five-choice movement time | 6 | 316.6 (279.2–443.8) | 333.2 (261.8–417.4) | +13 | Declined | 7 | 310.5 (289.1–320.0) | 332.8 (323.3–416.4) | +29 | Declined |
| Five-choice error score | 6 | 1.0 (0–2.3) | 0 (0–3.3) | 0 | Unchanged | 7 | 1.0 (0–2.0) | 1.0 (0–3.0) | +1 | Declined |
Data displayed are median (inter quartile range); Δ: average change per subject. SWM: spatial working memory; Between errors: the number of times the individual revisits a box in which a token has previously been found; Total errors: the number of times a box is selected that is certain not to contain a token and therefore should not have been visited by the individual; Strategy: for problems with six boxes or more. The number of distinct boxes used by the individual to begin a new search for a token, with the same problem; RTI: reaction time; Simple reaction time: the duration between the onset of the stimulus and the time at which the individual released the button. Calculated for correct trials, where the stimulus could appear in one location only; Simple movement time: the time taken to touch the stimulus after the button has been released. Calculated for correct trials, where the stimulus could appear in one location only; Simple error score: the number of trials where the response status is any error (i.e., an inaccurate response, no response, or a premature response) for the assessment trial where stimuli appear on one location only. The error may be an inaccurate response, no response, or a premature response; Five-choice reaction time: the duration between the onset of the stimulus and the release of the button. Calculated for correct, assessed trials where the stimulus could appear in any of the five locations; Five-choice movement time: the time taken to touch the stimulus after the button has been released. Calculated for correct, assessed trials where the stimulus could appear in any of the five locations; Five-choice error score: the number of trials where the response status is any error (i.e., an inaccurate response, no response, or a premature response) for assessment trials where stimuli appear in any of five locations.