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Proposed mechanism of neutralization of neuraminidase (NA)-binding-dependent viruses by anti-NA antibodies. Most influenza viruses use hemagglutinin (HA) to bind and enter cells (left panel), so antibodies targeting HA can prevent infection while NA antibodies only inhibit the release of new virions. But in our engineered NA-binding-dependent virus (right panel), antibodies against NA can inhibit infection.
