Skip to main content
. 2020 Jun 22;117(27):15443–15449. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2002722117

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Ice core, tree ring, and speleothem evidence for the 45 and 43 BCE eruptions and climate effects. (A) Selected historical and other events (see text). (B) Model-simulated (gray) and observed (black) summer temperature anomalies from European tree ring records with original 2σ uncertainties (6). (C) Model-simulated (gray) and observed (black) summer temperature anomalies from the Chinese Shihua Cave speleothem record with original maximum temperature uncertainties (12). Shading in B and C shows annual CESM ensemble SEs. (D) Continuous NGRIP2 and discrete (2 y) GISP2 nssS (9) concentrations. (E) NGRIP2 mass-equivalent insoluble particle concentrations for medium (2.5 to 5 μm) and large (5 to 10 μm) particles. (F) GISP2 LLS measurements (13). (G) Simulated 43 and 42 BCE average air -temperature anomalies (hashing shows anomalies that are not significant [2σ]). Annual and seasonal simulations for each year are shown in SI Appendix, Figs. S6 and S7. All records were aligned at the start of the 43 BCE volcanic event to be consistent with the DRI_NGRIP2 chronology. The vertical shaded bar shows the extent of the insoluble particle (i.e., tephra) spike at the start of volcanic fallout in the NGRIP2 record.