Fig. 1. Non-NMDAR autoantibodies identified in some patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Non-NMDAR NR1-transfected and nontransfected cells after exposure to serum and CSF were observed in patients with positivity for anti-NMDAR antibodies using a commercially available cell-based assay. Healthy controls showed no binding (A and E). Representative images of anti-NMDAR-specific antibodies in NR1-transfected cells from the serum (B) and CSF (C) of a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis that did not react with nontransfected cells (F and G). Specific filamentous patterns of non-NMDAR autoantibodies in NR1-transfected (D, arrow) and nontransfected (H, arrows) cells in the serum of a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis (patient 43). Scale bar=20 µm. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, NR1: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1.
