Table 1.

Results for quantile regression of the relative difference of efficiency over time with respect to income per capita with multiple controls: social and financial distress in the municipality (deprivation and fiscal capacity), concentration of estates (real estate pc), income inequality, and regional controls

q	Intercept	Income pc	Deprivation	Fiscal capacity	Inequality	Real estate pc	(pseudo)R2
$q_{0.05}$	−0.8398***	0.2587***	0.1686***	−0.1461***	−0.0344*	−0.1622***	0.05223
	(0.0491)	(0.0253)	(0.0276)	(0.0286)	(0.0204)	(0.0251)
$q_{0.1}$	−0.5089***	0.2871***	0.1723***	−0.1280***	−0.0315*	−0.2539***	0.17578
	(0.0456)	(0.0260)	(0.0266)	(0.0261)	(0.0177)	(0.0232)
$q_{0.2}$	−0.2241***	0.2272***	0.1272***	−0.0972***	−0.0410***	−0.2907***	0.29896
	(0.0317)	(0.0187)	(0.0179)	(0.0242)	(0.0124)	(0.0206)
$q_{0.8}$	0.3770***	0.0788***	0.0068	−0.0548***	0.0018	0.0868***	0.14346
	(0.0199)	(0.0121)	(0.0117)	(0.0123)	(0.0094)	(0.0133)
$q_{0.9}$	0.8644***	−0.0962***	−0.0868***	−0.3598***	0.2099***	0.8759***	0.20012
	(0.0523)	(0.0347)	(0.0319)	(0.0335)	(0.0269)	(0.0304)
$q_{0.95}$	1.2128***	−0.2489***	−0.1214**	−0.3844***	0.3488***	1.0334***	0.24347
	(0.0761)	(0.0542)	(0.0506)	(0.0362)	(0.0329)	(0.0345)
OLS	0.1098*	0.0654**	0.0557*	−0.2045***	0.0737***	0.1145***	0.09001
	(0.0576)	(0.0327)	(0.0328)	(0.0404)	(0.0239)	(0.0398)

Regression is obtained with the iterative weighted least squares method on standardized variables. Standard errors reported in parentheses are calculated via bootstrap with 1,000 iterations. Pseudo R2 are obtained via McFadden’s method. Only quantiles 5 to 20 and 80 to 95 are shown. Bottom line shows OLS regression as a reference. Number of observations is 2,345. Regression coefficients for the 16 regional controls and for the median quantile are reported in SI Appendix. ***$P<0.01$, **$P<0.05$, *$P<0.1$.