Table 1.
Characteristics of the selected studies.
|
Cohort studies | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, publication year, location |
Sample size, age (SD), sex |
Follow up month | Tools | Cut-off point | Frequency of NCI |
NOS | ||
| Time point | HIV + ART(−) NCI/total | HIV + ART(+) NCI/total | ||||||
| Sacktor 2006 Uganda |
23 32.8 (1.3) 100% male |
0; 3 months; 6 months |
IHDS; NP Karnofsky Performance Scales Memorial Sloan Kettering HIV dementia stage |
MSK HIV dementia stage ≥ 1 | baseline 3 months 6 months |
14/23 |
6/23 1/21 |
High |
| Nakasujja 2010 Uganda |
102 34.2 (6.2) 27.4% male |
0; 3 months; 6 months |
IHDS | IHDS ≤ 10 | baseline 3 months 6 months |
70/102 |
34/95 28/93 |
High |
|
Cross-sectional studies | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, publication year, location |
Sample size, Age (range) sex |
Tools | Cut-off point | Frequency of NCI between groups |
AHRQ |
|||
| HIV-positive ART(+) NCI/total |
HIV-positive ART(−) NCI/total |
|||||||
| Richardson 2002 USA |
149 36.7 (19–55) 100% female |
NP | Two or more test scores fall at least 1 SD below the mean of the control group | 30/82 | 36/67 | Moderate | ||
| Toozi 2005 Italy |
412 NR 71.1% male |
NP | 1 SD below the normative mean on at least 2 NP tests or 2 SDs below the mean in at least 1 test | 104/181 | 85/166 | Moderate | ||
| Patel 2010 Malawi |
179 36.7 (18–65) 35% male |
IHDS | IHDS ≤ 10 | 18/134 | 7/45 | Moderate | ||
| Zhang 2012 China |
134 37.9 56.7% male |
IHDS NP |
Based on NP and IHDS | 39/98 | 11/36 | Low | ||
| Sérgio Murilo 2012 Brazil |
52 57.6 59% male |
IHDS and two on MMSE (registration memory and attention) | IHDS < 10.5 and at least 1.5 SD below the mean of the external normative group on at least two of the five subscales | 17/49 | 2/3 | Moderate | ||
| Wang 2013 China |
309 34 88% male |
MoCA | MoCA < 26 | 114/236 | 35/73 | Moderate | ||
| Nakku 2013 Uganda |
618 NR 27.3% male |
IHDS | IHDS ≤ 10 | 259/399 | 137/219 | Moderate | ||
| Cross 2013 USA |
507 42 65% male |
IHDS | IHDS ≤ 10 | 160/380 | 49/127 | Moderate | ||
| Robertson 2014 Europe and Canada |
2863 42.9 (19–83) 61.7% male |
BNCS | A z-score of 1 SD below the mean in two tests or 2 SDs below the mean in one test | 836/1969 | 352/894 | Moderate | ||
| Pinheiro 2016 Brazil |
392 42.8 (18–82) 44.6% male |
Grooved Pegboard Test, Color Trails Tests 1 and 2, Finger Tapping Test, MoCA, and IHDS. | Scores in the upper quartile for at least three of the five measures and reach the IHDS cut-off value | 132/350 | 10/42 | Moderate | ||
| Marin-Webb 2016 Germany |
90 43 (23–62) 98.3% male |
IHDS | IHDS ≤ 10 | 28/80 | 2/10 | Moderate | ||
| Belete 2017 Ethiopia |
234 38.3 (18–64) 35.5 male |
IHDS | IHDS ≤ 9.5 | 75/206 | 3/28 | Moderate | ||
| Widyadharma 2017 Indonesia |
96 NR (15–49) 66.7% male |
MMSE | MMSE < 24 | 27/74 | 5/22 | Moderate | ||
| McNamara 2017 Ireland |
604 40.9 (18–77) 78.8% male |
BNCS | 1 SD below the population mean in two tests or 2 SDs below the population mean in one test | 262/504 | 46/95 | Moderate | ||
Note: IHDS, International HIV Dementia Scale; NP, neuropsychological test battery; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment test; BNCS, Brief Neurocognitive Screen; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist; NR, not reported.