Table 2.
Comparisons of physical problems between ASD and non-ASD
| Total sample | MZ discordant for ASD diagnosis and TD controls | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD | Non-ASD | T |
P (unadjusted) |
Cohen’s d | ASD twin | Co-twin (Non-ASD) | Typically developed controls (TD) | F |
P (unadjusted) |
Bonferroni post hoc tests | |
| Somatic systems | N = 81 | N = 263 | N = 18 | N = 18 | N = 36 | ||||||
| Infectious diseases | |||||||||||
| Sum of diseases for each individual, mean | 1.70 | 1.49 | 1.64 | 0.104 | 0.22 | 1.56 | 1.72 | 1.53 | 0.23 | 0.796 |
ASD, N-ASDns; ASD, TDns; N-ASD, TDns |
| Measles, n (%) | 0 | 5 (1.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Mumps, n (%) | 0 | 4 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Encephalitis, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Chickenpox, n (%) | 73 (90.1) | 238 (90.5) | 12 (66.7) | 15 (83.3) | 36 (100) | ||||||
| Pertussis, n (%) | 7 (8.6) | 20 (7.6) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (5.6) | ||||||
| Lyme disease, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 12 (4.6) | 0 | 0 | 2 (5.6) | ||||||
| Scarlet fever, n (%) | 10 (12.3) | 12 (4.6) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (8.3) | ||||||
| Frequent cold, n (%) | 20 (24.7) | 32 (12.2) | 5 (27.8) | 4 (22.2) | 4 (11.1) | ||||||
| Frequent ear infection, n (%) | 21 (25.9) | 56 (21.3) | 5 (27.8) | 5 (27.8) | 7 (19.4) | ||||||
| RS virus infection, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 6 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 5 (1.9) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (5.6) | 0 | ||||||
| Neurological problems | |||||||||||
| Sum of diseases for each individual, mean | 0.70 | 0.38 | 2.86 | 0.005* | 0.40 | 1.22 | 0.28 | 0.47 | 6.81 | 0.002* | ASD > N-ASD*; ASD > TD*; N-ASD, TDns |
| Epilepsy, n (%) | 7 (8.6) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (16.7) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Vertigo, n (%) | 6 (7.4) | 9 (3.4) | 4 (22.2) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Headache, n (%) | 26 (32.1) | 49 (18.6) | 8 (44.4) | 2 (11.1) | 12 (33.3) | ||||||
| Brain injury, n (%) | 10 (12.3) | 28 (10.6) | 5 (27.8) | 2 (11.1) | 4 (11.1) | ||||||
| Hearing impairment, n (%) | 8 (9.9) | 12 (4.6) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (2.8) | ||||||
| Gastrointestinal problems | |||||||||||
| Sum of diseases for each individual, mean | 0.25 | 0.17 | 1.09 | 0.278 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.767 |
ASD, N-ASDns; ASD, TDns; N-ASD, TDns |
| Lactose intolerance, n (%) | 10 (12.3) | 28 (10.6) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) | 5 (13.9) | ||||||
| Gluten intolerance, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Irritable bowel, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 0 | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Constipation, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Stomach problems, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (1.1) | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 1 (2.8) | ||||||
| Other GI problems, n (%) | 3 (3.7) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (11.1) | 0 | ||||||
| Immunological problems | |||||||||||
| Sum of diseases for each individual, mean | 0.94 | 0.62 | 2.89 | 0.004* | 0.35 | 0.94 | 1.28 | 0.72 | 1.65 | 0.199 |
ASD, N-ASDns; ASD, TDns; N-ASD, TDns |
| Asthma, n (%) | 18 (22.2) | 46 (17.5) | 6 (33.3) | 6 (33.3) | 2 (5.6) | ||||||
| Eczema, n (%) | 28 (34.6) | 59 (22.4) | 6 (33.3) | 6 (33.3) | 8 (22.2) | ||||||
| Milk allergy, n (%) | 4 (4.9) | 11 (4.2) | 0 | 1 (5.6) | 2 (5.6) | ||||||
| Allergy to specific allergen, n (%) | 22 (27.2) | 46 (17.5) | 3 (16.7) | 7 (38.9) | 9 (25.0) | ||||||
| Other immunological problems, n (%) | 4 (4.9) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Cardiovascular diseases | |||||||||||
| Sum of diseases for each individual, mean | 0.07 | 0.01 | 2.09 | 0.040 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0 | 3.34 | 0.041 |
ASD, N-ASDns; ASD, TDns; N-ASD, TDns |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Problems of aorta, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Ventricular septal defect, n (%) | 2 (2.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Vegetations, n (%) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Cardiomegaly, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Unspecified heart problems, n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (5.6) | 0 | ||||||
With Bonferroni correction, the significance level of p value in this table is set at 0.01. Brain injuries included hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, intracerebral hemorrhage, congenital cerebral malformation, and concussion; other GI problems included gastroenteritis, intestinal polyps, abdominal pain, esophagitis, and biliary atresia; other immunological problems included type 1 diabetes, ankylosing spondylitis, and immunodeficiency
ns non-significant, *p < 0.01