Table 3.
Summary of results from statistical analyses.
| Reference | Mean scores (SD) | Comparison | p | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [22] | Pre: NA | Pre vs post | 0.5211 | NA |
| Post: NA | ||||
| Difference pre vs post: −0.4 (1.9) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [23] | Pre: 5.07 (2.03) | Pre vs post | 0.086 | 0.12 |
| Post: 4.82 (2.24) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [24] | Men | |||
| Pre: 7.40 (1.42) | Pre vs post | NA | 1.69 | |
| Post: 6.50 (1.96) | Post vs follow-up | NA | 1.31 | |
| Three-month follow-up: 6.55 (1.42) | ||||
| Women | ||||
| Pre: 7.30 (1.93) | Pre vs post | NA | 0.09 | |
| Post: 7.33 (1.88) | Post vs follow-up | NA | 1.09 | |
| Three-month follow-up: 6.93 (1.48) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [25] | Pre | |||
| Intervention group: 7.37 (1.86) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Control group: 7.37 (2.10) | ||||
| Twelve-month follow-up | ||||
| Intervention group: 6.82 (2.34) | Intervention group vs control group | 0.006 | 0.35 | |
| Control group: 7.60 (2.08) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [26] | Pre | |||
| EAET group: 5.34 (1.55) | NA | NA | NA | |
| CBT group: 5.35 (1.62) | ||||
| Education group: 5.47 (1.74) | ||||
| Post | ||||
| EAET group: 4.48 (1.99) | EAET vs education | <0.01 | −0.39 | |
| CBT group: 4.69 (1.65) | EAET vs CBT | >0.05 | −0.17 | |
| Education group: 5.20 (1.68) | CBT vs education | >0.05 | −0.23 | |
| Six-month follow-up | ||||
| EAET group: 4.40 (2.13) | EAET vs education | >0.05 | −0.15 | |
| CBT group: 4.82 (1.70) | EAET vs CBT | >0.05 | −0.18 | |
| Education group: 4.94 (1.96) | CBT vs education | >0.05 | 0.02 | |
|
| ||||
| [27] | Pre | |||
| Intervention group: 5.3 (0.39) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Control group: 4.7 (0.37) | ||||
| Sixth week of intervention | ||||
| Intervention group: 4.7 (0.39) | Intervention group vs control group | 0.03 | NA | |
| Control group: 4.9 (0.37) | ||||
| Tenth week of intervention | ||||
| Intervention: 4.6 (0.39) | Intervention group vs control group | <0.01 | NA | |
| Control: 5.1 (0.37) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [28] | Infiltration group | |||
| Pre: 8.29 (1.67) | Pre vs post | >0.05 | NA | |
| Post: 7.84 (1.83) | ||||
| GPST group | ||||
| Pre: 6.54 (1.85) | Pre vs post | >0.05 | NA | |
| Post: 6.78 (2.01) | ||||
| GPST + infiltration group | ||||
| Pre: 7.35 (2.14) | Pre vs post | >0.05 | NA | |
| Post: 8.13 (2.14) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [29] | Pre | Intervention group vs control group | ||
| MPQ sensory | ||||
| Intervention group: 17.4 (6.5) | MPQ sensory | 0.221 | NA | |
| Control group: 16.8 (10.1) | ||||
| MPQ affective | ||||
| Intervention group: 4.5 (5.8) | MPQ affective | 0.086 | NA | |
| Control group: 5.3 (5.3) | ||||
| MPQ evaluative | ||||
| Intervention group: 21.9 (9.4) | MPQ evaluative | 0.897 | NA | |
| Control group: 21.8 (10.5) | ||||
| Fourth week of intervention | Intervention group vs control group | |||
| MPQ sensory | ||||
| Intervention group: 16.8 (9.1) | MPQ sensory | 0.039 | NA | |
| Control group: 19.2 (10.2) | ||||
| MPQ affective | ||||
| Intervention group: 4.7 (6.4) | MPQ affective | 0.044 | NA | |
| Control group: 6.9 (8.8) | ||||
| MPQ evaluative | ||||
| Intervention group: 21.5 (7.5) | MPQ evaluative | 0.041 | NA | |
| Control group: 26.1 (9.7) | ||||
| Eight week (end) of intervention | Intervention group vs control group | |||
| MPQ sensory | ||||
| Intervention: 16.3 (9.1) | MPQ sensory | 0.042 | NA | |
| Control: 20.6 (10.6) | ||||
| MPQ affective | ||||
| Intervention: 4.2 (4.1) | MPQ affective | 0.051 | NA | |
| Control: 6.8 (3.9) | ||||
| MPQ evaluative | ||||
| Intervention: 20.5 (8.4) | MPQ evaluative | 0.044 | NA | |
| Control: 27.4 (9.32) | ||||
| Pre | Intervention group vs control group | 0.528 | NA | |
| VAS | ||||
| Intervention group: 7.66 (0.4) | ||||
| Control group: 7.71 (0.8) | ||||
| Fourth week of intervention | Intervention group vs control group | 0.048 | NA | |
| VAS | ||||
| Intervention group: 5.89 (1.26) | ||||
| Control group: 7.97 (1.12) | ||||
| Eight week (end) of intervention | Intervention group vs control group | 0.326 | NA | |
| VAS | ||||
| Intervention group: 8.05 (1.4) | ||||
| Control group: 8.75 (1.47) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [30] | Baseline∗ | |||
| Intervention group/control group | Intervention group vs control group | |||
| Right occiput: 26/25 | 0.965 | NA | ||
| Left occiput: 23/22 | 0.947 | NA | ||
| Lower cervical (right side): 25/25 | 0.729 | NA | ||
| Lower cervical (left side): 24/21 | 0.481 | NA | ||
| Right trapezius muscle: 25/24 | 0.316 | NA | ||
| Left trapezius muscle: 25/20 | 0.117 | NA | ||
| Right supraspinatus muscle: 24/27 | 0.096 | NA | ||
| Left supraspinatus muscle: 24/27 | 0.096 | NA | ||
| Second right rib: 27/26 | 0.972 | NA | ||
| Second left rib: 29/25 | 0.072 | NA | ||
| Right lateral epicondyle: 25/26 | 0.422 | NA | ||
| Left lateral epicondyle: 26/25 | 0.189 | NA | ||
| Right gluteal muscle: 16/19 | 0.334 | NA | ||
| Left gluteal muscle: 13/22 | 0.063 | NA | ||
| Right greater trochanter: 15/11 | 0.678 | NA | ||
| Left greater trochanter: 22/13 | 0.696 | NA | ||
| Right knee: 19/19 | 0.510 | NA | ||
| Left knee: 20/16 | 0.364 | NA | ||
| Four-week follow-up∗ | ||||
| Intervention group/control group | Intervention group vs control group | |||
| Right occiput: 21/24 | 0.225 | NA | ||
| Left occiput: 20/21 | 0.620 | NA | ||
| Lower cervical (right side): 22/24 | 0.355 | NA | ||
| Lower cervical (left side): 15/22 | 0.034 | NA | ||
| Right trapezius muscle: 18/23 | 0.095 | NA | ||
| Left trapezius muscle: 16/21 | 0.121 | NA | ||
| Right supraspinatus muscle: 27/26 | 0.972 | NA | ||
| Left supraspinatus muscle: 26/26 | 0.676 | NA | ||
| Second right rib: 26/27 | 0.326 | NA | ||
| Second left rib: 25/28 | 0.042 | NA | ||
| Right lateral epicondyle: 25/26 | 0.422 | NA | ||
| Left lateral epicondyle: 24/26 | 0.253 | NA | ||
| Right gluteal muscle: 14/23 | 0.007 | NA | ||
| Left gluteal muscle: 12/21 | 0.010 | NA | ||
| Right greater trochanter: 10/12 | 0.525 | NA | ||
| Left greater trochanter: 7/13 | 0.080 | NA | ||
| Right knee: 20/20 | 0.463 | NA | ||
| Left knee: 20/20 | 0.334 | NA | ||
| Eight-week follow-up∗ | ||||
| Intervention group/control group | Intervention group vs control group | |||
| Right occiput: 24/24 | 0.577 | NA | ||
| Left occiput: 21/22 | 0.597 | NA | ||
| Lower cervical (right side): 24/25 | 0.487 | NA | ||
| Lower cervical (left side): 14/22 | 0.017 | NA | ||
| Right trapezius muscle: 19/24 | 0.376 | NA | ||
| Left trapezius muscle: 16/22 | 0.063 | NA | ||
| Right supraspinatus muscle: 24/27 | 0.096 | NA | ||
| Left supraspinatus muscle: 24/27 | 0.096 | NA | ||
| Second right rib: 25/27 | 0.422 | NA | ||
| Second left rib: 26/26 | 0.253 | NA | ||
| Right lateral epicondyle: 14/26 | 0.676 | NA | ||
| Left lateral epicondyle: 26/26 | 0.253 | NA | ||
| Right gluteal muscle: 14/21 | 0.039 | NA | ||
| Left gluteal muscle: 11/21 | 0.004 | NA | ||
| Right greater trochanter: 10/14 | 0.243 | NA | ||
| Left greater trochanter: 7/11 | 0.226 | NA | ||
| Right knee: 14/18 | 0.231 | NA | ||
| Left knee: 14/18 | 0.231 | NA | ||
|
| ||||
| [31] | Pre | |||
| Intervention group: 2.88 (1.02) | Intervention group vs control group | >0.05 | NA | |
| Control group: 2.65 (0.98) | ||||
| Intervention group | ||||
| Pre: 2.86 (1.06) | Pre vs post | 0.021 | NA | |
| Post: 2.34 (1.20) | Pre vs follow-up | 0.045 | NA | |
| Three-month follow-up: 2.52 (1.06) | ||||
| Control group | ||||
| Pre: 2.65 (0.99) | Pre vs post | <0.05 | NA | |
| Post: 2.65 (0.88) | Pre vs follow-up | <0.05 | NA | |
| Three-month follow-up: 2.40 (1.05) | ||||
|
| ||||
| [32] | Pre | |||
| Intervention group: 5.84 (NA) | Intervention group vs control group | <0.05 | NA | |
| Control group: 5.88 (NA) | ||||
| Post | ||||
| Intervention group: 5.37 (NA) | Intervention group vs control group | <0.05 | NA | |
| Control group: 5.33 (NA) | ||||
CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; EAET, emotion awareness and expression therapy; GPST, group problem-solving therapy; NA, not available; MPQ, McGill Pain Questionnaire; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; ∗number of cases with pain.