Table 1.
Comparison of clinical features between patients with and without OSA at three AHI cutoffs
| Feature name | Overall (N = 6,875) | AHI < 5 (N = 1,206) | AHI ≥ 5 (N = 5,669) | AHI < 15 (N = 2,664) | AHI ≥ 15 (N = 4,211) | AHI < 30 (N = 4,084) | AHI ≥ 30 (N = 2,791) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y/o) | 47.8 ± 14.5 | 40.6 ± 15.1 | 49.4 ± 13.9 | 44.1 ± 15.0 | 50.2 ± 13.7 | 46 ± 14.8 | 50.47 ± 13.8 |
| Man, n (%) | 5,223 (76.0) | 660 (54.8) | 4,563 (80.5) | 1,673 (62.8) | 3,550 (84.3) | 2,798 (68.5) | 2,425 (86.9) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 ± 5.0 | 23.5 ± 3.5 | 27.7 ± 4.9 | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 28.4 ± 5.0 | 25.3 ± 4 | 29.3 ± 5.3 |
| Neck circumference (cm) | 37.7 ± 4.1 | 34.6 ± 3.4 | 38.3 ± 4.0 | 35.6 ± 3.7 | 39.0 ± 3.9 | 36.3 ± 3.8 | 39.7 ± 3.8 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.4 ± 13.0 | 80.9 ± 10.2 | 93.6 ± 12.5 | 84.4 ± 10.9 | 95.8 ± 12.3 | 86.8 ± 11.2 | 98 ± 12.7 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 1,104 (16.1) | 135 (11.2) | 969 (17.1) | 334 (12.5) | 770 (18.3) | 520 (12.7) | 584 (20.9) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 688 (10.0) | 80 (6.6) | 608 (10.7) | 182 (6.8) | 506 (12.0) | 328 (8) | 360 (12.9) |
| Hypnotic, n (%) | 634 (9.2) | 151 (12.5) | 483 (8.5) | 314 (11.8) | 320 (7.6) | 435 (10.7) | 199 (7.1) |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,021 (29.4) | 126 (10.4) | 1,895 (33.4) | 435 (16.3) | 1,586 (37.7) | 835 (20.4) | 1,186 (42.5) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 580 (8.4) | 31 (2.6) | 549 (9.7) | 117 (4.4) | 463 (11) | 231 (5.7) | 349 (12.5) |
| CAD, n (%) | 248 (3.6) | 16 (1.3) | 232 (4.1) | 62 (2.3) | 186 (4.4) | 119 (2.9) | 129 (4.6) |
| CHF, n (%) | 101 (1.5) | 6 (0.5) | 95 (1.7)† | 22 (0.8) | 79 (1.9) | 37 (0.9) | 64 (2.3) |
| CVA, n (%) | 124 (1.8) | 5 (0.4) | 119 (2.1) | 31 (1.2) | 93 (2.2)† | 54 (1.3) | 70 (2.5) |
| CKD, n (%) | 62 (0.9) | 7 (0.6) | 55 (1.0)& | 13 (0.5) | 49 (1.2)† | 18 (0.4) | 44 (1.6) |
| COPD, n (%) | 67 (1.0) | 14 (1.2) | 53 (0.9)& | 22 (0.8) | 45 (1.1)& | 37 (0.9) | 30 (1.1)& |
| Asthma, n (%) | 490 (7.1) | 105 (8.7) | 385 (6.8)† | 210 (7.9) | 280 (6.6)& | 321 (7.9) | 169 (6.1)† |
| Hypothyroidism, n (%) | 156 (2.3) | 25 (2.1) | 131 (2.3)& | 63 (2.4) | 93 (2.2)& | 103 (2.5) | 53 (1.9)& |
| Habitual sleep pattern | |||||||
| Habitual SOL (min) | 20.9 ± 22.5 | 25 ± 29.9 | 20 ± 20.5 | 23.7 ± 26.7 | 19.1 ± 19.3 | 22.6 ± 24.2 | 18.4 ± 19.6 |
| Habitual SOL < 30 min, n (%) | 4,794 (69.7) | 770 (63.8) | 4,024 (71.0) | 1,744 (65.5) | 3,050 (72.4) | 2,752 (67.4) | 2,042 (73.2) |
| Habitual sleep duration (h) | 6.6 ± 3.3 | 6.6 ± 2.7 | 6.5 ± 3.5 | 6.5 ± 2.6 | 6.6 ± 3.7† | 6.5 ± 2.8 | 6.6 ± 4& |
| Unrefreshed sleep, n (%) | 3,685 (53.6) | 770 (63.8) | 2,915 (51.4) | 1,613 (60.5) | 2,072 (49.2) | 2,325 (56.9) | 1,360 (48.7) |
| Frequency of awakening in sleep (time/night) | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.5& | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.5& | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.5 |
| Awakening at sleep ≥3 times/ night | 1,504 (21.9) | 237 (19.7) | 1,267 (22.3)† | 526 (19.7) | 978 (23.2)† | 802 (19.6) | 702 (25.2) |
| ESS | 10.3 ± 4.9 | 10.0 ± 4.9 | 10.4 ± 4.9† | 9.8 ± 4.8 | 10.6 ± 4.9 | 9.9 ± 4.7 | 11 ± 5 |
| EDS, n (%) | 3,764 (54.7) | 628 (52.1) | 3,136 (55.3)† | 1,355 (50.9) | 2,409 (57.2) | 2,098 (51.4) | 1,666 (59.7) |
| Symptom suggestive of OSA | |||||||
| Snoring, n (%) | 5,480 (79.7) | 753 (62.4) | 4,727 (83.4) | 1,912 (71.8) | 3,568 (84.7) | 3,099 (75.9) | 2,381 (85.3) |
| Witnessed apnea, n (%) | 1,066 (15.5) | 79 (6.6) | 987 (17.4) | 221 (8.3) | 845 (20.1) | 417 (10.2) | 649 (23.3) |
| Frequency of nocturia (times/ night) | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.3 |
| Nocturia ≥2 times/night, n (%) | 2,352 (34.2) | 308 (25.5) | 2,044 (36.1) | 746 (28.0) | 1,606 (38.1) | 1,203 (29.5) | 1,149 (41.2) |
| Witnessed leg jerks in sleep, n (%) | 3,278 (47.7) | 603 (50) | 2,675 (47.2)& | 1,303 (48.9) | 1,975 (46.9)& | 1,974 (48.3) | 1,304 (46.7)& |
| Morning headache, n (%) | 799 (11.6) | 192 (15.9) | 607 (10.7) | 351 (13.1) | 448 (10.6)† | 513 (12.6) | 286 (10.2)† |
| Dry throat at waking up, n (%) | 3,856 (56.1) | 577 (47.8) | 3,279 (57.8) | 1,324 (49.7) | 2,532 (60.1) | 2,132 (52.2) | 1,724 (61.8) |
| AHI (/h) | 29.6 ± 26.0 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 35.5 ± 24.9 | 6.1 ± 4.5 | 44.5 ± 22.8 | 11.6 ± 8.7 | 56 ± 19.5 |
The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease. The comparisons between non-OSA and OSA participants were analyzed with the independent t-test and chi-square test. All p-values were <0.001, except for variable marked with & and †, of which the p-values were >0.05 and <0.05, respectively.