Table 2.

Comparison of Device Sleep–Wake Classification Relative to Ground Truth Sleep–Wake Classification Derived From PSG Staging

Source	Accuracy	Balanced accuracy	d′	Kappa	Precision	Sensitivity	Specificity
Naïve Model (result of always predicting Sleep, for reference)	0.876 (0.064)	0.500 (0.000)	0.646 (0.204)	0.000 (0.000)	0.876 (0.064)	1.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)
ActiGraph Link with “Cole–Kripke” algorithm	0.891 (0.046)	0.752 (0.070)	1.807 (0.375)	0.482 (0.120)	0.940 (0.042)	0.936 (0.050)	0.568 (0.163)
ActiGraph Link with “Sadeh” algorithm	0.880 (0.054)	0.779 (0.071)	1.874 (0.463)	0.487 (0.146)	0.949 (0.041)	0.912 (0.064)	0.647 (0.163)
Actiwatch Spectrum Plus algorithm	0.904 (0.050)	0.674 (0.065)	1.831 (0.327)	0.424 (0.121)	0.914 (0.055)	0.982 (0.012)	0.366 (0.136)
Oura Ring	0.899 (0.046)	0.686 (0.075)	1.771 (0.502)	0.423 (0.150)	0.923 (0.042)	0.963 (0.039)	0.410 (0.165)

The “naïve” model is not a device but is instead the performance that is obtained by classifying every in-bed epoch as sleep, included here for reference. Values displayed within each cell are the mean and SD across nights.