Table 4.
The associations between concentrations of PFAS a in maternal serum in early pregnancy and preeclampsia (PE). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from logistic regressions.
| PFAS ng/mL |
Cases (n) |
Controls (n) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted b,c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
| PFOA a | ||||||
| ≤1.48 | 51 | 145 | 1.00 | ref d | 1.00 | ref |
| >1.48–2.12 | 52 | 145 | 1.02 | 0.65–1.60 | 0.94 | 0.56–1.57 |
| >2.12–3.29 | 93 | 145 | 1.82 | 1.21–2.75 | 1.42 | 0.87–2.31 |
| >3.29 | 100 | 145 | 1.96 | 1.30–2.95 | 1.13 | 0.68–1.87 |
| PFOS a | ||||||
| ≤6.66 | 67 | 145 | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref |
| >6.66–10.73 | 52 | 145 | 0.78 | 0.50–1.19 | 0.81 | 0.50–1.32 |
| >10.73–18.09 | 95 | 145 | 1.42 | 0.96–2.09 | 1.23 | 0.78–1.93 |
| >18.09 | 82 | 145 | 1.22 | 0.82–1.82 | 0.96 | 0.60–1.53 |
| PFNA a | ||||||
| ≤0.28 | 48 | 145 | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref |
| >0.28–0.40 | 72 | 145 | 1.50 | 0.97–2.31 | 1.34 | 0.81–2.22 |
| >0.40–0.60 | 88 | 145 | 1.83 | 1.20–2.79 | 1.41 | 0.86–2.32 |
| >0.60 | 88 | 145 | 1.83 | 1.20–2.79 | 1.51 | 0.91–2.50 |
| PFHxS a | ||||||
| ≤0.31 | 44 | 145 | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref |
| >0.31–0.53 | 67 | 145 | 1.52 | 0.98–2.38 | 1.37 | 0.82–2.28 |
| >0.53–0.78 | 89 | 145 | 2.02 | 1.32–3.10 | 1.67 | 1.02–2.74 |
| >0.78 | 96 | 145 | 2.18 | 1.43–3.34 | 1.38 | 0.83–2.30 |
a PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS: perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFNA: perfluorononanoic acid; and PFHxS: perfluorohexane sulfonate. b Adjusted for maternal age (4 categories: ≤25, 26–<30, 31–<35, and >35 years), BMI in early pregnancy (4 categories: <20, 20–<25, 25–<30, ≥30 kg/m2), maternal smoking in early pregnancy (2 categories: yes and no), and parity (2 categories: 1 and ≥2). c Included 233 (79%) cases and 468 (81%) controls, i.e., those with complete data for all variables. d Reference category.