Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19, after propensity-score matching *.
| Progression, No. (%) | Improvement/Stabilization, No. (%) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 36) | (n = 257) | Value | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 49.5 (34.0–57.0) | 45.5 (27.5–54.5) | 0.185 |
| Male sex | 24 (66.7%) | 19 (52.8%) | 0.336 |
| Healthcare-associated infection | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (5.6%) | >0.999 |
| ECOG performance status | 0.109 | ||
| 0 | 28 (77.8%) | 31 (86.1%) | |
| 1 | 8 (22.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | |
| 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (5.6%) | |
| Time from disease confirmation to admission, median (IQR), days | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.222 |
| Time from symptom onset to admission, median (IQR), days | 8.0 (3.0–10.5) | 10.0 (5.0–14.0) | 0.194 |
| Time from symptom onset to confirmation, median (IQR), days | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) | 3.0 (0.5–8.0) | 0.740 |
| Initial symptoms (may be multiple) | |||
| Asymptomatic | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | >0.999 |
| Productive cough | 15 (41.7%) | 14 (38.9%) | >0.999 |
| Fever | 20 (55.6%) | 13 (36.1%) | 0.156 |
| Cough | 4 (11.1%) | 9 (25.0%) | 0.220 |
| Headache | 16 (44.4%) | 10 (27.8%) | 0.220 |
| Myalgia or fatigue | 14 (38.9%) | 12 (33.3%) | 0.806 |
| Chills | 19 (52.8%) | 9 (25.0%) | 0.030 |
| Sore throat | 7 (19.4%) | 10 (27.8%) | 0.579 |
| Rhinorrhea | 4 (11.1%) | 6 (16.7%) | 0.733 |
| Dyspnea | 10 (27.8%) | 4 (11.1%) | 0.137 |
| Diarrhea | 7 (19.4%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0.307 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | >0.999 |
| Chest pain | 4 (11.1%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0.354 |
| Initial signs (may be multiple) | |||
| Body temperature, median (IQR), °C | 37.3 (36.5–37.7) | 37.1 (36.9–37.3) | 0.443 |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 135.5 (121.5–146.0) | 136.5 (125.5–142.0) | 0.897 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 82.0 (75.5–90.5) | 82.5 (74.0–89.0) | 0.778 |
| Pulse rate, median (IQR), beats/min | 90.0 (79.0–102.5) | 88.0 (82.0–97.5) | 0.389 |
| Respiratory rate, median (IQR), beats/min | 16.0 (16.0–18.0) | 16.0 (16.0–17.0) | 0.108 |
| SpO2, median (IQR), % | 98.0 (97.0–99.0) | 98.0 (98.0–99.0) | 0.438 |
| Comorbidities (may be multiple) | |||
| Hypertension | 9 (25.0%) | 8 (22.2%) | >0.999 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (27.8%) | 6 (16.7%) | 0.395 |
| Allergic diseases | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0.607 |
| Chronic lung disease | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | >0.999 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (2.8%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.201 |
| Malignant tumor(s) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Liver disease | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (2.8%) | >0.999 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (5.6%) | 1 (2.8%) | >0.999 |
| Rheumatic disease | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Congestive heart failure | 2 (5.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.473 |
| Kidney disease | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Prior history of drug use | |||
| Ibuprofen | 6 (16.7%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0.261 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 6 (16.7%) | 4 (11.1%) | 0.733 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 5 (13.9%) | 4 (11.1%) | >0.999 |
| Beta blocker | 2 (5.6%) | 2 (5.6%) | >0.999 |
| Diuretic | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.8%) | >0.999 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 8 (22.2%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.540 |
| Metformin | 6 (16.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0.476 |
| Sulfonylurea | 2 (5.6%) | 1 (2.8%) | >0.999 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Gabapentinoid | 30 (83.3%) | 32 (88.9%) | >0.999 |
| Isosorbide | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 |
| Statin | 6 (16.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0.476 |
| Number of drugs acting on the ACE2 receptor † | 0.542 | ||
| 0 | 26 (72.2%) | 28 (77.8%) | |
| 1 | 6 (16.7%) | 7 (19.4%) | |
| 2 | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | |
| 3 | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Number of drugs acting on the ACE2 and/or DDP4 ‡ | 0.343 | ||
| 0 | 22 (61.1%) | 26 (72.2%) | |
| 1 | 9 (25.0%) | 9 (25.0%) | |
| 2 | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | |
| 3 | 2 (5.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
* IQR, interquartile range, ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; SpO2, Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; DDP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. † Includes ibuprofen, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and thiazolidinediones. ‡ Includes ibuprofen, angiotensin II receptor blockers, thiazolidinediones, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.