Table A1.
Logistic regression of risk factors for COVID-19 disease progression *.
| OR | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.07 | 1.04–1.10 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 0.71 | 0.33–1.49 | 0.360 |
| Healthcare-associated infection | 7.70 | 1.49–39.71 | 0.015 |
| ECOG performance status | 5.68 | 2.07–15.56 | 0.001 |
| Time from disease confirmation to admission, days | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | 0.567 |
| Time from symptom onset to admission, days | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.312 |
| Time from symptom onset to confirmation, days | 1.03 | 0.97–1.09 | 0.322 |
| Time from admission to discharge, days | 0.95 | 0.87–1.04 | 0.304 |
| Symptom duration, days | 1.07 | 1.04–1.11 | 0.001 |
| Initial symptoms | |||
| Asymptomatic | 0.16 | 0.05–0.53 | 0.003 |
| Productive cough | 1.99 | 0.97–4.07 | 0.061 |
| Fever | 4.59 | 2.23–9.45 | <0.001 |
| Cough | 0.37 | 0.13–1.08 | 0.070 |
| Headache | 3.77 | 1.81–7.84 | <0.001 |
| Myalgia or fatigue | 2.92 | 1.39–6.13 | 0.005 |
| Chills | 7.09 | 3.37–14.93 | <0.001 |
| Sore throat | 1.53 | 0.62–3.76 | 0.353 |
| Rhinorrhea | 0.88 | 0.29–2.65 | 0.819 |
| Dyspnea | 7.85 | 3.09–19.93 | <0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 4.93 | 1.80–13.51 | 0.002 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 3.80 | 0.91–15.93 | 0.068 |
| Chest pain | 6.30 | 1.61–24.68 | 0.008 |
| Initial signs | |||
| Body temperature, °C | 9.41 | 3.98–22.25 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.402 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 0.048 |
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.010 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 1.12 | 0.94–1.33 | 0.218 |
| SpO2, % | 0.71 | 0.55–0.91 | 0.007 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 3.95 | 1.64–9.54 | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8.60 | 3.34–22.17 | <0.001 |
| Allergic disease | 0.17 | 0.02–1.28 | 0.085 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1.58 | 0.43–5.78 | 0.491 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.58 | 0.07–4.63 | 0.610 |
| Malignant tumors | NA | ||
| Liver disease | 1.81 | 0.20–16.63 | 0.601 |
| Congestive heart failure | 3.72 | 0.66–21.09 | 0.138 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 4.98 | 0.80–30.88 | 0.085 |
| Rheumatic disease | 7.31 | 0.45–119.59 | 0.163 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | NA | ||
| Kidney disease | NA | ||
| Prior history of drug use | |||
| Ibuprofen | 3.23 | 1.16–8.95 | 0.024 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 4.94 | 1.68–14.56 | 0.004 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 3.61 | 1.18–11.07 | 0.025 |
| Beta blocker | 2.10 | 0.42–10.53 | 0.367 |
| Diuretic | NA | ||
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 8.89 | 3.10–25.54 | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 8.37 | 2.54–27.59 | 0.001 |
| Sulfonylurea | 7.50 | 1.02–1.55 | 0.048 |
| Thiazolidinedione | NA | ||
| Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors | NA | ||
| Gabapentinoid | NA | ||
| Isosorbide | NA | ||
| Statin | 4.94 | 1.68–14.56 | 0.004 |
| Number of drugs acting on the ACE2 receptor † | 4.37 | 2.14–8.92 | <0.001 |
| Number of drugs acting on the ACE2 and/or DDP4 ‡ | 3.66 | 2.05–6.55 | <0.001 |
| KCDC classification I | 8.67 | 4.57–16.45 | <0.001 |
| KCDC classification II | 2.29 | 1.59–3.30 | <0.001 |
| CT score | 1.22 | 1.15–1.31 | <0.001 |
| MuLBSTA | 1.28 | 1.16–1.42 | <0.001 |
| CURB65 | 4.86 | 1.88–12.57 | 0.001 |
| Pneumonia severity index | 2.81 | 1.76–4.47 | <0.001 |
| Age–adjusted Charlson comorbidity index | 1.73 | 1.36–2.20 | <0.001 |
* OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; SpO2, Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation; KCDC, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CT, computed tomography; MuLBSTA, Multilobular infiltration, hypo-Lymphocytosis, Bacterial coinfection, Smoking history, hyper-Tension and Age; CURB65, Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure plus age ≥ 65 years. † Includes ibuprofen, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and thiazolidinediones. ‡ Includes ibuprofen, angiotensin II receptor blockers, thiazolidinediones, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.