Table A4.
Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment outcomes in COVID-19 patients before and after propensity-score matching *.
| Before Propensity-Score Matching | After Propensity-Score Matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment | Without Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment | p | With Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment | Without Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment | p | |
| No. (%) (n = 30) | No. (%) (n = 263) | Value | No. (%) (n = 30) | No. (%) (n = 30) | Value | |
| Disease progression | 18 (60.0%) | 18 (6.8%) | <0.001 | 18 (60.0%) | 6 (20.0%) | 0.004 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 54 (47–59) | 27 (23–46) | <0.001 | 54 (47–59) | 51 (46–55) | 0.230 |
| Male sex | 19 (63.3%) | 195 (74.1%) | 0.295 | 19 (63.3%) | 9 (30.0%) | 0.020 |
| Healthcare-associated infection | 4 (13.3%) | 2 (0.8%) | <0.001 | 4 (13.3%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0.667 |
| ECOG performance status | <0.001 | 0.041 | ||||
| 0 | 19 (63.3%) | 260 (98.9%) | 19 (63.3%) | 27 (90.0%) | ||
| 1 | 9 (30.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 9 (30.0%) | 3 (10.0%) | ||
| 2 | 2 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Time from disease confirmation to admission, median (IQR), days | 3.5 (3.0–5.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 0.037 | 3.5 (3.0–5.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 0.058 |
| Time from symptom onset to admission, median (IQR), days | 6.0 (4.0–9.0) | 6.0 (0.0–12.0) | 0.336 | 6.0 (4.0–9.0) | 11.0 (8.0–15.0) | 0.001 |
| Time from symptom onset to confirmation, median (IQR), days | 3.0 (0.0–5.0) | 1.0 (0.0–6.0) | 0.283 | 3.0 (0.0–5.0) | 5.0 (2.0–9.0) | 0.032 |
| Initial symptoms (may be multiple) | ||||||
| Asymptomatic | 0 (0.0%) | 97 (36.9%) | <0.001 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Productive cough | 12 (40.0%) | 71 (27.0%) | 0.199 | 12 (40.0%) | 18 (60.0%) | 0.197 |
| Fever | 18 (60.0%) | 57 (21.7%) | <0.001 | 18 (60.0%) | 16 (53.3%) | 0.794 |
| Cough | 6 (20.0%) | 63 (24.0%) | 0.798 | 6 (20.0%) | 8 (26.7%) | 0.760 |
| Headache | 17 (56.7%) | 44 (16.7%) | <0.001 | 17 (56.7%) | 9 (30.0%) | 0.068 |
| Myalgia or fatigue | 13 (43.3%) | 47 (17.9%) | 0.002 | 13 (43.3%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.171 |
| Chills | 16 (53.3%) | 38 (14.4%) | <0.001 | 16 (53.3%) | 10 (33.3%) | 0.193 |
| Sore throat | 9 (30.0%) | 33 (12.5%) | 0.021 | 9 (30.0%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.770 |
| Rhinorrhea | 2 (6.7%) | 34 (12.9%) | 0.486 | 2 (6.7%) | 2 (6.7%) | >0.999 |
| Dyspnea | 11 (36.7%) | 11 (4.2%) | <0.001 | 11 (36.7%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.074 |
| Diarrhea | 8 (26.7%) | 11 (4.2%) | <0.001 | 8 (26.7%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.030 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 4 (13.3%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.004 | 4 (13.3%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.350 |
| Chest pain | 3 (10.0%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0.078 | 3 (10.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | >0.999 |
| Initial signs (may be multiple) | ||||||
| Body temperature, median (IQR), °C | 37.2 (36.5–37.5) | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 0.010 | 37.2 (36.5–37.5) | 37.0 (36.6–37.3) | 0.784 |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 133.5 (115.0–140.0) | 133.0 (122.0–141.0) | 0.392 | 133.5 (115.0–140.0) | 133.5 (123.0–142.0) | 0.395 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 81.0 (74.0–86.0) | 78.0 (72.0–85.0) | 0.379 | 81.0 (74.0–86.0) | 75.5 (73.0–82.0) | 0.411 |
| Pulse rate, median (IQR), beats/min | 87.0 (77.0–98.0) | 86.0 (75.5–95.5) | 0.340 | 87.0 (77.0–98.0) | 89.0 (80.0–100.0) | 0.700 |
| Respiratory rate, median (IQR), beats/min | 17.0 (16.0–18.0) | 16.0 (16.0–18.0) | 0.098 | 17.0 (16.0–18.0) | 16.0 (16.0–20.0) | 0.666 |
| SpO2, median (IQR), % | 98.0 (97.0–99.0) | 98.0 (98.0–99.0) | 0.031 | 98.0 (97.0–99.0) | 98.0 (97.0–99.0) | 0.284 |
| Comorbidities (may be multiple) | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| Hypertension | 9 (30.0%) | 20 (7.6%) | <0.001 | 9 (30.0%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.770 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8 (26.7%) | 13 (4.9%) | <0.001 | 8 (26.7%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.531 |
| Allergic disease | 0 (0.0%) | 38 (14.4%) | 0.052 | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (20.0%) | 0.031 |
| Chronic lung disease | 2 (6.7%) | 15 (5.7%) | >0.999 | 2 (6.7%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.667 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (3.3%) | 12 (4.6%) | >0.999 | 1 (3.3%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.197 |
| Malignant tumors | 2 (6.7%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.323 | 2 (6.7%) | 2 (6.7%) | >0.999 |
| Liver disease | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.986 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Congestive heart failure | 3 (10.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 0.010 | 3 (10.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.236 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (3.3%) | 4 (1.5%) | >0.999 | 1 (3.3%) | 2 (6.7%) | >0.999 |
| Rheumatic disease | 1 (3.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.490 | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.189 | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 |
| Kidney disease | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | >0.999 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Prior history of drug use | ||||||
| Ibuprofen | 6 (20.0%) | 15 (5.7%) | 0.012 | 6 (20.0%) | 6 (20.0%) | >0.999 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 5 (16.7%) | 11 (4.2%) | 0.015 | 5 (16.7%) | 4 (13.3%) | >0.999 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 6 (20.0%) | 10 (3.8%) | 0.001 | 6 (20.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0.255 |
| Beta blocker | 3 (10.0%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0.078 | 3 (10.0%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.605 |
| Diuretic | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | >0.999 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.3%) | >0.999 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 7 (23.3%) | 9 (3.4%) | <0.001 | 7 (23.3%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.747 |
| Metformin | 6 (20.0%) | 6 (2.3%) | <0.001 | 6 (20.0%) | 3 (10.0%) | 0.470 |
| Sulfonylurea | 2 (6.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.070 | 2 (6.7%) | 1 (3.3%) | >0.999 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | >0.999 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | >0.999 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Gabapentinoid | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | >0.999 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Isosorbide | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.189 | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 |
| Statin | 7 (23.3%) | 9 (3.4%) | <0.001 | 7 (23.3%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.505 |
| Number of drugs acting on the ACE2 receptor † | <0.001 | 0.577 | ||||
| 0 | 21 (70.0%) | 245 (93.2%) | 21 (70.0%) | 22 (73.3%) | ||
| 1 | 6 (20.0%) | 16 (6.1%) | 6 (20.0%) | 7 (23.3%) | ||
| 2 | 3 (10.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (10.0%) | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| 3 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Number of drugs acting on the ACE2 receptor and/or DDP4 ‡ | <0.001 | 0.706 | ||||
| 0 | 17 (56.7%) | 232 (88.2%) | 17 (56.7%) | 17 (56.7%) | ||
| 1 | 9 (30.0%) | 27 (10.3%) | 9 (30.0%) | 11 (36.7%) | ||
| 2 | 3 (10.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 3 (10.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | ||
| 3 | 1 (3.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
* ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; SpO2, Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; DDP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. † Includes ibuprofen, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and thiazolidinediones. ‡ Includes ibuprofen, angiotensin II receptor blockers, thiazolidinediones, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.