Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Authors, Year | Country | N | Follow-up, y. | Age, mean y. (SD) | Females, n (%) | Anxiety Measure | Dementia Criteria | Dementia Cases (n) | Risk Estimates (95% CI) | Statistical Model | Covariates | Quality Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acosta et al., 2018 [35] | Mexico | 1355 | 3 | 73.6 (6.4) | 1144 (62.7) | NPI-Q | DSM-IV | 129 | RR: 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | Poisson regression | Age, sex, education, MCI, delusions, hallucinations, depression, and aberrant motor behaviour | 7 |
| de Bruijn et al., 2014 (sample I) [13] |
Netherlands | 2708 | 17 | 68.6 (8.5) | 1495 (55.2) | HADS | DSM-III-R | 358 | HR: 0.99 (0.69–1.41) | Cox regression | Age, sex, educational level (low), ApoE-ε4 and depressive symptoms. | 9 |
| de Bruijn et al., 2014 (sample II) [13] |
Netherlands | 3079 | 9 | 75.5 (6.2) | 1810 (59.1) | DSM-IV | DSM-III-R | 248 | HR: 0.81 (0.50–1.30) | Cox regression | Age, sex, educational level (low), ApoE-ε4 and depressive disorder. | 8 |
| Gallacher et al., 2009 [32] |
United Kingdom | 755 | 17 | NR (NR) | 0 (0) | STAI-trait scale | DSM-IV | NR | OR: 1.77 (0.31–10.2) | Logistic regression | Age, Vascular risk factors, GHQ and NART | 6 |
| Kassem et al., 2017 [34] |
United States | 1425 | 5 | 82.8 (3.1) | 1425 (100) | GAS | DSM-IV | 233 | OR: 1.56 (1.07–2.26) | Logistic regression | Age, education, marital status, health behaviours, medical history, psychotropic medications, depression, poor sleep. | 6 |
| Mortamais et al. 2018 [16] | France | 5234 | 10 | 73.4 (5.2) | 3069 (58.5) | STAI-trait scale | DSM-IV | 378 | HR: 1.04 (0.81–1.32) | Cox regression | Age, sex, center, smoking habits, alcohol intake, education, living alone, body mass index, history of vascular pathology, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, incapacity, MMSE at baseline and depressive symptoms. | 7 |
| Petkus et al., 2015 [33] |
Sweden | 1082 | 28 | 60.8 (11.1) | 612 (56.6) | STAI-state scale | DSM-III, IV | 172 | HR: 1.48 (1.01–2.18) | Cox mixed Effects regression |
Age, sex, education, physical illness, depression (average and symptoms), neuroticism | 8 |
| Santabárbara et al., 2018 [18] | Spain | 4057 | 4.5 | 72.1 (9.1) | 2229 (54.9) | GMS-AGECAT | DSM-IV | 138 | SHR: 2.74 (1.18–6.35) | Fine and Gray Regression |
Age (as timescale), sex, educational level, marital status, living alone, vascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, health status, depression and cognitive status. |
7 |
| Sutin et al., 2018 [17] | United States | 9913 | 8 | 67.03 (9.16) | 5948 (60) | Beck Anxiety Inventory | TICSm | 397 | HR: 1.16 (1.04–1.28) | Cox regression | Age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, depressive symptoms, history of a mental disorder, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and physical activity | 6 |
Abbreviations in the table: ApoE: Apolipoprotein E; DSM-III: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition; DSM- IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition; GAS: Geriatric Anxiety Scale; GHQ: General health questionnaire; GMS-AGECAT: Geriatric Mental State- Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HR: Hazard Ratio; MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment; NART: National adult reading test; NPI-Q: Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire; NR: not reported; OR: Odds Ratio; RR: Relative Risk; SD: Standard deviation; SHR: Subdistribution hazard ratio; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; TICSm: modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; y.:years.