Table 3.

Other PFAS neurotoxicity endpoints and findings in species where neurological endpoints were tested. NT = not tested. Δ—indicates a change after exposure that is not consistent over dose or time, i.e., nonmonotonic dose response.

Organism	Chemical	Concentration (µM)	Length of Exposure	Neurobehavior	Neurotransmitters	Neuropathology	Reference
O. melastigma	PFBS	0.03	6 m	NT	↑Dopamine Sex-specific Δ norepinephrine Δ Serotonin over time Δ GABA over time ↑Acetylcholine	Δ Transcription factors involved in visual development	Chen, 2018 [50]
D. rerio	TFAA, PFBA, PFDA (perfluorodecanoate), or PFBS	48–14, 33.3–10000, 0.2–58.4, or 33.3–10000	144 h	Δ Activity ΔTime active	NT	NT	Ulhaq, 2013 [49]
D. rerio	PFDoA	0.4–10	120 h	↓Speed	↓Acetylcholine ↑Dopamine	↓Acetylcholinesterase	Guo, 2018 [51]
U. maritimus	PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), PFHxA, perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoDA), perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA), perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeDA), and perfluoropentadecanoate (PFPeDA) were quantified. PFAS levels were due to exposure in the wild	PFBS: 0.55 ± 0.08 PFHxS: 1.10 ± 0.10 PFOS: 22.92 ± 0.84 PFDS: 0.66 ± 0.06 PFHxA: 0.13 ± 0.03 PFHpA: not detected PFOA: 1.09 ± 0.13 PFNA: 2.59 ± 0.13 PFDA: 2.63 ± 0.15 PFUnDA: 22.30 ± 1.14 PFDoDA: 8.19 ± 0.46 PFTrDA: 37.87 ± 2.29 PFTeDA: 6.81 ± 0.40 PFPeDA: 4.71 ± 0.42 ng/g wet weight in the whole brain	Unknkown, Ages of bears at sampling were 2–10 years	NT	NT	↑Glutathione synthase in occipital lobe and frontal cortex ↓Glutathione synthase in hypothalamus ↑Monoamine oxidase activity ↓Dopamine D2 receptors in occipital lobe and cerebellum ↓Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity in cerebellum ↑GABA-A receptors ↑Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity in frontal cortex ↓Acetylcholinesterase activity in frontal cortex	Eggers Pederson, 2015 [52]