Table 1.
Effects of plant derived natural products on eye-related age diseases.
| Plant derived natural products | Doses | Experimental model | Observations | Effects on eye diseases | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 50 μM | Human lens epithelial cells | Resists H2O2-induced apoptosis, and ROS, and protects against mitochondrial dysfunction. | Inhibits the progression of cataracts. | Yao et al. (2008) |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 1–50 mM | Human RPE cell line ARPE-19 | Inhibits ocular angiogenesis and vascular permeability. | Prevents age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. | Lee et al. (2014) |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 20 and 40 mM | Human retinal endothelial cell | Inhibits expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reduces negative impact of high glucose concentration on the cell viability. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy | Zhang et al. (2016) |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 1–200 μM | Sprague-Dawley rats | Inhibits cell proliferation and reduces vascular leakage and permeability in VEGF. | Prevents ocular angiogenic diseases, e.g. age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. | Lee et al. (2014) |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Human | Positively influence inner retinal function. | Inhibits glaucomatous damage. | Falsini et al. (2009) | |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Intraperitoneal (25 mg/kg) Intraocular (5 μL of 200 μM) |
Wistar rats | Protects retinal neurons from oxidative stress and ischemia/reperfusion, reduces the apoptosis to retinal ganglion cells. | Prevents glaucoma. | Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Quercetin | 50 μM | Cultured human RPE cells | Protects RPE cells from oxidative damage and cellular senescence. | Prevents age-related macular degeneration (AMD). | Kook et al. (2008) |
| Quercetin | 50 μM | Cultured human RPE cells (ARPE-19) | Protects human RPE cells from oxidative stress via the inhibition of proinflammatory molecules. | Prevents age-related macular degeneration (AMD). | Cao et al. (2010) |
| Quercetin | 10 μM | Rat lens (Wistar rats) | Increases neurotrophic factors and inhibits cytochrome c and caspase-3 levels. | Prevents cataract. | Sanderson et al. (1999) |
| Quercetin | 50 mg/body weight/kg | Sprague-Dawley rats | Decreases photooxidative damage in the retina and mediates cytoprotection against light-induced photoreceptor cell degeneration in rats. | Inhibits age-related eye diseases. | Koyama et al. (2019) |
| Quercetin | 50 mg/kg/day | Diabetic rat retina | Protects the neuronal damage, ameliorates neurotrophic factors and inhibits the apoptosis of neurons | Prevents neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy. | Ola et al. (2017) |
| Quercetin and chlorogenic acid | 33.63 mg/kg/day | Pigmented rabbits | Alleviates retinal degeneration. | Prevents AMD. | Wang et al. (2017) |
| Resveratrol | 40 mg/kg | Sprague-Dawley rat lens | Suppresses selenite-induced oxidative stress and cataract formation in rats. | Inhibits selenite-induced cataractogenesis. | Doganay et al. (2006) |
| Resveratrol | 5 mg/kg/day | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats | Suppresses oxidative stress. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Soufi et al. (2012) |
| Resveratrol | 20 mg/kg | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice | Decreases vascular lesions and VEGF induction. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Kim et al. (2012) |
| Resveratrol | 10 mg/kg | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats | Suppresses the expression of eNOS actively involved in inflammation. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Yar et al. (2012) |
| Resveratrol | 5 mg/kg | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats | Inhibits inflammation. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Ghadiri et al. (2015) |
| Resveratrol | 5 and 10 mg/kg/day | Diabetic rat retina | Alleviates hyperglycemia and weight loss. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Zeng et al. (2016) |
| Resveratrol | 10, 20, and 40 μmol/L | Human lens epithelial cells | Inhibits oxidative stress. | Prevents cataract. | Zeng et al. (2016) |
| Resveratrol | 5 and 10 mg/kg/day | High-glucose culture Müller-treated cells | Prevents production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) and inflammatory markers. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Luna et al. (2009) |
| Zeaxanthin | 0.02% or 0.1% | Age-matched normal rats | Inhibits the development of retinopathy in diabetics. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Kowluru et al. (2008) |
| Lutein | 0.5 mg/kg | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | Prevents the diabetes-induced decrease in glutathione content. | Prevents cataract. | Arnal et al. (2009) |
| Curcumin | 50 μM | Rat organ cultured lens | Suppresses oxidative stress, prevents uncontrolled generation of free radicals, and inhibits iNOS expression. | Suppresses cataract formation. | Manikandan et al. (2009) |
| Curcumin | 75 mg/kg | Wistar rats | Prevents selenium-induced Ca2+ -ATPase activation. | Inhibits cataract. | Manikandan et al., 2010a, Manikandan et al., 2010b |
| Curcumin | 0.005% (w/w) | Wistar rats | Alleviates naphthalene-induced cataract. | Prevents cataract. | Pandya et al. (2000) |
| Curcumin | 0.5 g/kg | Rats | Reduces DNA damage by decreasing the NF- κB activation, and increases antioxidant capacity. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Kowluru, and Kanwar (2007) |
| Curcumin | 1 g/kg | Wistar albino rats | Elevates antioxidant defence system, decreases retina expression of proinflammatory cytokines. | Inhibits diabetic retinopathy. | Gupta et al. (2011) |
| Curcumin | 80 mg/kg | Sprague-Dawley rat | Decreases retinal glutamine and oxidative stress. | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Zuo et al. (2013) |
| Curcumin | 100 and 200 mg/kg/day | Wistar albino rats | Restores retinal antioxidant capacity, decreases retina expression of proinflammatory cytokines | Prevents diabetic retinopathy. | Yang et al. (2018) |
| Curcumin | 75 mg/kg | Wistar rats | Increases the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and GSH. | Prevents cataract formation. | Manikandan et al. (2010b) |
| β-carotene, β-cryptoxathin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene | - | Human | Participants with the highest self-reported dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin were inversely associated with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). | Inhibits AMD. | Delcourt et al. (2006) |
| Vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E | - | Human | Dietary intake of a mixture of vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E had a larger effect on the reduction of AMD risk than the individual vitamin. | Inhibits AMD. | SanGiovanni et al. (2007) |
| Vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E | - | Human | Low dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with reduced risk of neovascular AMD. | Inhibits AMD. | Aoki et al. (2016) |
| Vitamin C and vitamin E | - | Human | No effect on vitamin status and neovascular AMD. | No effect on AMD. | Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group (1993) |
| Provitamin A, β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E | - | Human | High intake of β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E reduce the risk of neovascular AMD. | Inhibits AMD. | Zampatti et al., (2014) |
| Caffeine | 50–250 mg/day | Human | Increases antioxidant and bioenergetic effect on the lens. | Inhibits Cataract. | Varma (2016) |
| Caffeine | 72 mM | Sprague Dawley rats | Inhibits formation of galactose cataract. | Protects diabetic cataract. | Varma et al. (2010) |
| Caffeine | 20 mg/kg | Wistar rats | Decreases the activities of SOD, CAT and MDA. | Inhibits cataract. | Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak et al. (2019) |
| Caffeine | 0.2 mL/day | Sprague Dawley rats | Reduces cataract formation. | Prevents cataract. | Ishimori et al. (2017) |
| Lycopene | 4 mg/kg | Wistar rats | Prevents inflammation and oxidative stress on the eye tissues. | Inhibits diabetic retinopathy. | Icel et al. (2019) |
| Lycopene | 200 μg/kg | Wistar rats | Delays the onset and the progress of galactose-induced cataract in in vivo study. | Inhibits cataract. | Gupta et al. (2003) |