Table 1.
Antibiotic resistance (AR) profiles of A. baumannii *.
| A. baumannii Isolates Number | AR Profile | Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Range | Resistant Isolates (%) | Hospital Wards/Origin | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 164 | GEN, AMK | 256–≥1024 mg/L | – – 32.1%–83.8% |
– – Endotracheal aspirates, tracheal secretion, wound tampon, pus, sputum, catheters/ ICUs (Intensive Units Care) |
[14] |
| Cephalosporins, Carbapenems | – U a |
||||
| 44 | PIP, CTX, CAZ/ATM, IMP | 0.5–256 mg/L | 79.5% | U | [15] |
| 121 | CIP, AMK, AMP–SUL, ATM, CTX, GEN, NET, PIP, TIM, TOB, IMP | 0.5–256 mg/L | 0%–92.6% | Bronchial cultures, burns, blood culture, catheters/ ICUs | [16] |
| 375 | AMP, PIP, PTZ, CAZ, CTX, IMP, MEM, GEN, AMK, CIP | 0.5–>256 mg/L | 0%–100% | Sputum, wounds/ ICUs | [17] |
| 23 | CAZ, CTX, FEP, PIP, TZP b, ATM, IMP, MEM, CIP, AMK, GEN, SXT | 0.75–>256 (µg mL−1) b | 100% | U | [32] |
| 72 | IMP, MEM, FEP, CAZ, SUL, CFP–SUL, PIP, TZP, ATM, CIP, AMK, TIG | 4–≥512 mg/L | 77.8% | ICUs – |
[36] |
| 100 | IMP, MEM, CAZ, CST, TET, TIG, AMP–SUL | 0.25–256 (µg/mL) b | 0%–100% | Sputum, wounds, blood culture, urine, fluids, hemodialysis catheters; ACH (Acute Care Hospital) | [37] |
| 204 | TIC, TIM, CAZ, FEP, ATM, IMP, TOB, KM, GEN, AMK, PFX, LVX, OFX, CST, TET, FOS | U | 92% for β-lactams; 47% for IMP |
Puncture, pus, blood culture samples/ICUs | [41] |
| 20 | TIC, CAZ, IMP, MEM | 4–>256 µg/mL | 90%–100% | Tracheal aspirate, bile, urine, burns, respiratory tract, blood culture, sputum/ICUs | [38] |
| 100 | PIP, AMP/SUL, CIP, AMK, IMP, CTX, FEP, CRO, TET, GEN | U | 45%–100% | Burns, sputum, tracheal secretion, pleural fluid, blood culture, urine, cerebrospinal fluid/ ICU | [42] |
| 834 | AMC, CIP, GEN, AMK, CFP–SUL, IMP, MEM | U | 71.7%–96.8% | Tracheal aspirate, blood culture, urine, wounds/ICU | [43] |
| 15 | IMP, MEM, GEN, GEN/NMP, CIP, CIP/NMP, CAZ | 0.25–≥256 mg/L | U | Gastroenterology | [44] |
| 155 | CIP, FEP, TZP, CAZ, IMP, MEM, AMP/SUL | U | 93.5%–94.4% | Blood respiratory tract secretions, catheter, urine | [39] |
| 65 | AMK, AMP/SUL, FEP, CST, SXT, DOX, IMP, LVX, MEM, MIN, SUL, TIG, TOB | 0.125–256 mg/L | 1.5%–96.9% | Respiratory tract secretions | [24] |
| 59 | TIC, PIP, AMP/SUL, TZP, CAZ, FEP, IMP, MEM, CST, GEN, TOB, AMK, MIN, CIP, LVX, SXT | U | 10.17%–96.61% | CCNU (critical care nursing unit); UPU (emergency unit); RE (resuscitation); IM (internal medicine); NE (Nephrology); HO (hematology/Oncology); TC (thoracic cardiology); GS (general surgery); NEO (neonatology) | [25] |
| 15 | TIC, TIM, PIP, TZP, CAZ, CTX, FEP, MEM, NAL, LVX, CIP, GEN, TOB, AMK, SXT, IMP | U (exception MEM and IMP–32 mg/L) | 40%–100% | Burns, pleural fluid, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, pus, blood culture | [26] |
| 40 | CAZ IMP GEN |
U | 92.5% 85% 70% |
ICUs, IM, GS | [27] |
| 41 | AMP/SUL, TZP, CAZ, CRO, FEP, IMP, MEM, GEN, CIP, TIG, AMK | 4–≥128 mg/L | 34.1%–100% | Tracheal aspirate, burns, urine, blood, exudate/ICU | [28] |
| 84 | GEN, AMK, CRO, FEP, CIP, LVX, CAZ, IMP, MEM, PMB, CST, AMP, TET, TIG, ATM | U | 0%–100% | Wounds | [30] |
| 35 | Class III Cephalosporins Class II Cephalosporins Carbapenems Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones |
U | >90% 65% >90% 60% 90% |
Tracheal secretion, urine, cerebrospinal fluid/ICU | [31] |
| 8 | CAZ, FEP, CTX, CRO, IMP MEM, TZP, AMP/SUL, GEN, CIP, TIG, CST |
1–>128 mg/L | 71.4%–100% | Blood cultures, urine samples, aspirate sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, wound swab, pus | [21] |
| 41 | Aminoglycosides Β-lactams Quinolones Tetracyclines |
U | 95% | Tracheal aspirate, peritoneal fluid, bronchial lavage/ ICU; UPU; NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) | [22] |
* Percentage = %; GEN = gentamicin; AMK = amikacin; PIP = piperacillin; CTX = cefotaxime; CAZ/ATM=ceftazidime/aztreonam; IMP = imipenem; CIP = ciprofloxacin; AMP–SUL = ampicillin-sulbactam; ATM = aztreonam; NET = netilmicin; TIM = ticarcillin/clavulanic acid; TOB= tobramycin; AMP = ampicillin; CAZ= ceftazidime; MEM = meropenem; FEP = cefepime; TZP = piperacillin/tazobactam; SXT = cotrimoxazole; SUL = sulbactam; CFP–SUL = cefoperazone/sulbactam; TIG = tigecycline; CST = colistin; TET = tetracycline; TIC = ticarcillin; KM = kanamycin; PFX =pefloxacin; LVX = levofloxacin; OFX = ofloxacin; FOS = fosfomycin; CRO = ceftriaxone; GEN/NMP = gentamicin/ 1-(1-naphtylmethyl)-piperazine; DOX = doxycycline; MIN = minocycline; NAL = nalidixic acid; PMB = polymyxin; a U = unknown; b = according to CSLI criteria.