Figure 1.

Vegetative and reproductive stages of bisexual and unisexual species. (a) L. spinosa, tropical Southeast Asian aculeate colony-forming evergreen herbs with deeply pinnatifid hastate-sagittate leaf blades and spadix at antithesis. (b) L. spinosa, solitary inflorescence of bisexual flowers. (c) O. aquaticum, temperate east North American seasonally dormant, aquatic herbs with oblong-elliptic blades held above water. (d) O. aquaticum, numerous bisexual inflorescences held above water level with disintegrated spathe not visible. (e) S. bogneri, tropical and southeast subtropical African evergreen herb with cordate-sagittate leaf blades. (f) Z. zamiifolia, tropical east to subtropical southeast African seasonally dormant or evergreen herb with pinnatisect leaf blades and an inflorescence of unisexual flowers with basal female and apical male flowers [43].