Table 2.
Bi-variate correlates of opioid-based and psychotropic medication use among underserved middle-aged and older African-American adults (n = 740).
| Independent Variables | Opioid-Based Medications | p | Psychotropic Medications | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO | Yes | NO | Yes | |||
| N (%) or (X ± SD) | N (%) or (X ± SD) | N (%) or (X ± SD) | N (%) or (X ± SD) | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 223 (85) | 29 (12) | 0.01 | 218 (86) | 36 (14) | 0.368 |
| Female | 372 (81) | 87 (19) | 383 (83) | 77 (17) | ||
| Age | (71.8 ± 8.21) | (72.3 ± 8.44) | 0.556 | (72.2 ± 8.24) | (70.0 ± 7.94) | 0.009 |
| Education | (12.7 ± 2.22) | (12.6 ± 2.28) | 0.446 | (12.7 ± 2.27) | (12.8 ± 2.00) | 0.676 |
| Financial Strains | (1.78 ± 1.09) | (1.84 ± 1.14) | 0.632 | (1.70 ± 1.06) | (2.29 ± 1.16) | 0.000 |
| Living Alone | ||||||
| No | 245 (86) | 39 (14) | 0.129 | 249 (87) | 37 (13) | 0.084 |
| Yes | 350 (82) | 77 (18) | 352 (82) | 76 (18) | ||
| Continuity of Medical Care | (2.50 ± 0.64) | (2.47 ± 0.70) | 0.679 | (2.51 ± 0.64) | (2.41 ± 0.73) | 0.119 |
| Self-rated Health Status | (3.05 ± 1.00) | (3.45 ± 1.01) | 0.000 | (3.07 ± 0.98) | (3.38 ± 1.12) | 0.007 |
| HMO Membership | ||||||
| No | 384 (84) | 75 (16) | 0.981 | 379 (83) | 80 (17) | 0.115 |
| Yes | 211 (84) | 41 (16) | 222 (87) | 33 (13) | ||
| Sleeping disorder/Insomnia | ||||||
| No | 447 (86) | 74 (14) | 0.010 | 459 (87) | 66 (13) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 146 (78) | 42 (22) | 140 (75) | 47 (25) | ||
| Arthritis | ||||||
| No | 220 (93) | 16 (07) | 0.000 | 214 (90) | 24 (10) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 373 (79) | 100 (21) | 385 (81) | 89 (19) | ||
| Migraine Headache | ||||||
| No | 489 (85) | 87 (15) | 0.06 | 507 (88) | 72 (12) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 104 (78) | 29 (21) | 92 (69) | 41 (31) | ||
| Back pain | ||||||
| No | 346 (92) | 32 (08) | 0.000 | 344 (91) | 34 (9) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 247 (75) | 84 (25) | 255 (76) | 79 (24) | ||
| Level of Pain | (1.78 ± 2.14) | (3.11 ± 2.41) | 0.000 | (1.71 ± 2.01) | (3.25 ± 2.72) | 0.000 |
| Depressive Symptoms | (2.31 ± 2.69) | (2.86 ± 2.97) | 0.047 | (2.07 ± 2.44) | (4.16 ± 3.48) | 0.000 |
| Major Chronic Conditions | (2.32 ± 1.29) | (2.83 ± 1.30) | 0.000 | (2.32 ± 1.26) | (2.82 ± 1.46) | 0.001 |