Table 2.
Pain and disability differences within- and between-group.
| Variable | Baseline | Post-Treatment | 48 Hours | 1 Week |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAS, cm | ||||
| DN, Mean (SD) | 5.01 (1.52) | 3.30 (1.70) | 2.28 (1.58) | 2.26 (1.55) |
| PENS, Mean (SD) | 4.56 (1.73) | 2.62 (2.11) | 2.04 (1.69) | 1.71 (1.29) |
| Within-Group Differences from Baseline, Mean (95% CI) | ||||
| DN | 1.71 (1.02, 2.40) ‡ | 2.73 (1.83, 3.64) ‡ | 2.76 (1.86, 3.65) ‡ | |
| PENS | 1.94 (1.25, 2.63) ‡ | 2.52 (1.61, 3.42) ‡ | 2.85 (1.96, 3.74) ‡ | |
| Between-Group Differences, Mean (95% CI) | −0.23 (−0.94, 0.48) | 0.22 (−0.72, 1.15) | −0.09 (−1.01, 0.83) | |
| NDI | ||||
| DN, Mean (SD) | 19.64 (7.32) | - | - | 13.09 (7.45) |
| PENS, Mean (SD) | 22.09 (9.75) | - | - | 12.27 (8.20) |
| Within-Group Differences from Baseline, Mean (95% CI) | ||||
| DN | 6.55 (4.43, 8.66) ‡ | |||
| PENS | 9.82 (7.70, 11.94) ‡ | |||
| Between-Group Differences, Mean (95% CI) | −3.27 (−6.27, −0.27) † |
† Statistically significant (p < 0.05), ‡ Statistically significant (p < 0.01). Abbreviations: VAS, visual analogue scale; DN, dry needling; SD, standard deviation; PENS, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; CI, confidence interval; NDI, Neck Disability Index.