Table 3.
Pressure pain threshold and strength differences within- and between-group.
| Variable | Baseline | Post-Treatment | 48 Hours | 1 Week |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPT, kg/cm2 | ||||
| DN, Mean (SD) | 1.98 (0.56) | 2.71 (0.52) | 2.72 (0.46) | 2.70 (0.52) |
| PENS, Mean (SD) | 2.11 (0.52) | 3.71 (0.46) | 3.84 (0.43) | 4.18 (0.46) |
| Within-Group Differences from Baseline, Mean (95% CI) |
||||
| DN | 0.73 (0.44, 1.01) ‡ | 0.74 (0.47, 1.01) ‡ | 0.72 (0.39, 1.04) ‡ | |
| PENS | 1.61 (1.32, 1.89) ‡ | 1.73 (1.45, 2.00) ‡ | 2.06 (1.74, 2.39) ‡ | |
| Between-Group Differences, Mean (95% CI) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.17) ‡ | 0.99 (0.71, 1.27) ‡ | 1.35 (1.01, 1.68) ‡ | |
| Strength, N | ||||
| DN, Mean (SD) | 145.30 (28.70) | 155.30 (28.80) | 163.20 (33.00) | 173.00 (37.10) |
| PENS, Mean (SD) | 152.40 (32.20) | 162.70 (32.70) | 167.10 (32.90) | 173.90 (33.60) |
| Within-Group Differences from Baseline, Mean (95% CI) |
||||
| DN | 10.00 (−2.80, 22.80) |
18.00 (6.20, 29.80) ‡ |
27.80 (15.30, 40.30) ‡ |
|
| PENS | 10.20 (−2.60, 23.00) |
14.70 (2.90, 26.50) ‡ |
21.50 (9.00, 34.00) ‡ |
|
| Between-Group Differences, Mean (95% CI) | 0.20 (−13.00, 13.40) |
−3.30 (−15.40, 8.90) |
−6.30 (−19.20, 6.60) |
† Statistically significant (p < 0.05), ‡ Statistically significant (p < 0.01). Abbreviations: PPT, pressure pain threshold; DN, dry needling; SD, standard deviation; PENS, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; CI, confidence interval.