Table 4.
Cervical flexion and extension range of movement differences within- and between-group.
| Variable | Baseline | Post-Treatment | 48 Hours | 1 Week |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical Flexion, Degrees | ||||
| DN, Mean (SD) | 44.83 (9.85) | 45.90 (8.61) | 48.36 (9.31) | 47.27 (8.41) |
| PENS, Mean (SD) | 44.59 (11.25) | 52.95 (7.50) | 54.73 (6.39) | 51.27 (7.59) |
| Within-Group Differences from Baseline, Mean (95% CI) | ||||
| DN | 1.08 (−4.25, 6.41) | 3.53 (−3.35, 10.32) | 2.44 (−3.74, 8.62) | |
| PENS | 8.36 (3.04, 13.69) ‡ |
10.14 (3.35, 16.92) ‡ | 6.68 (0.50, 12.86) † | |
| Between-Group Differences, Mean (95% CI) | 7.29 (1.79, 12.78) † |
6.60 (−0.39, 13.60) | 4.24 (−2.13, 10.61) | |
| Cervical Extension, Degrees | ||||
| DN, Mean (SD) | 50.72 (9.72) | 53.50 (9.86) | 57.32 (7.49) | 58.05 (7.95) |
| PENS, Mean (SD) | 52.81 (13.90) | 58.41 (10.14) | 56.64 (11.37) | 57.68 (11.26) |
| Within-Group Differences from Baseline, Mean (95% CI) | ||||
| DN | 2.78 (−1.09, 6.65) | 6.60 (1.00, 12.19) † | 7.33 (2.11, 12.54) ‡ | |
| PENS | 5.59 (1.72, 9.46) ‡ | 3.82 (−1.77, 9.41) | 4.86 (−0.36, 10.08) | |
| Between-Group Differences, Mean (95% CI) | 2.81 (−1.18, 6.80) | −2.78 (−8.54, 2.98) | −2.46 (−2.92, 7.84) |
† Statistically significant (p < 0.05), ‡ Statistically significant (p < 0.01). Abbreviations: DN, dry needling; SD, standard deviation; PENS, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; CI, confidence interval.