Table 2.

Immune-responsive inflammatory markers and their epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation by different vitamins

Type of inflammatory marker	Type of vitamin controlling epigenetic mechanism	Vitamin-regulated epigenetic mechanism	Ref
CRP	Vitamin D	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene	[66–68]
TLR4	Vitamin E	Inhibition of MAPK activation
IL-6	Vitamin B9	Promoter methylation
	Vitamin B12	Decrease in epidermal growth factor (EGF) synthesis
	Vitamin A	Regulating cell-mediated and humoral components/ lack of B cell switching and proliferation factors
	Vitamin D	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene	[69–73]
IL-4	Vitamin D3	Inhibit the functional differentiation of Th1 cells
IL-10	Vitamin D	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene
IL-13	Vitamin D	Alteration of Th1/Th2 expression/production of IgE
IFN-γ	Vitamin D	Hydroxylase activity
TNF-α	Vitamin C	Methylation/demethylation cycle/histone modification
NF-κB	Vitamin A	Retinoid X receptor binds RA response elements (RAREs) and regulates gene promoter	[74–77]
	Vitamin E	Enhances binding of NF-κB to the corresponding gene promoters
GRα	Vitamin D	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene
CTLA4	Vitamin D	Development of regulatory T cells by antagonizing inflammatory outcomes and promotes regulation	[78–80]
PD1	Vitamin D	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene
T lymphocytes	Vitamin D3	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene	[73, 81–86]
	Vitamin E	Regulating gene expression in response to T cell stimulation
	Vitamin B12	Relating to CD8+ cells and the NK cell system
B lymphocytes	Vitamin A	Retinoid X receptor binds RA response elements (RAREs) and regulates gene promoter
	Vitamin D	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene
Th1/Th2 ratio	Vitamin A	Binding of retinol to nucleosome complex on RA-target genes
	Vitamin D	DNA methyl transferase/histone deacetylase of gene